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The Citroën 2CV (French: deux chevaux vapeur, literally "two steam horses", from the tax horsepower rating) was an economy car produced by the French automaker Citroën from 1949 to 1990.[2] It was technologically advanced and innovative, but with extremely utilitarian and deceptively simple Bauhaus inspired bodywork, that belied the sheer quality of its underlying engineering. It was designed to move the French peasantry on from horses and carts. It is considered one of Citroën's most iconic cars. It was described in the book Drive On!: A Social History of the Motor Car by longtime CAR magazine columnist the late LJK Setright as "the most intelligent application of minimalism ever to succeed as a car."[3]
It was designed for low cost, simplicity of use, versatility, reliability, and off-road driving.
For this it had a light, easily serviceable engine, extremely soft long travel suspension (with adjustable ride height), high ground clearance, and for oversized loads a car-wide canvas sunroof (which until 1960 also covered the boot).
During a production run of 42 years between 1948 and 1990, 3,872,583 2CVs were produced, plus 1,246,306 camionnettes (small 2CV trucks), as well as spawning mechanically identical vehicles like the Ami, Dyane, Acadiane, and Mehari.
From 1988 onwards production took place in Portugal rather than in France. This arrangement lasted for two years until 2CV production halted.
Alfa Laval AB is a Swedish company, founded in 1883 by Gustaf de Laval and Oscar Lamm. The company is a leading producer of specialized products and solutions used to heat, cool, separate and transport products such as oil, water, chemicals, beverages, foodstuffs, starch and pharmaceuticals.
History
Alfa Laval’s history goes back to the late 19th century. With the help of some of the most important milestones the company's history, you can follow its growth from a small Swedish firm to the large international group of today.
1845 Gustaf De Laval is born in the province of Dalarna, Sweden. At the age of 27 he is awarded a doctorate from the University of Uppsala. He then spends a number of years working as a technical engineer at a steel mill in his home village.
1877 After reading an article in the German periodical, Milchzeitung, Gustaf de Laval starts to work on the development of a centrifugal separator.
1879 The first continuous separator is demonstrated at the office of Gustaf de Laval’s partner, Oscar Lamm, in Stockholm, Sweden. This separator has a capacity of 130 litres per hour and operates at a speed of 5000 revolutions per minute.
1882 The centrifugal separator is first used for an industrial application – fish oil in Norway.
1883 Gustaf de Laval’s and Oscar Lamm’s trading firm is incorporated under the name of AB Separator.
1888 The first pumps are sold. They are used to pump skimmed milk from the centrifugal separator.
1889 The patented Alfa separator is shown for the first time by its German inventor, Clemens von Bechtolsheim, at an agricultural fair. This is a separator in which a stack of conically shaped discs are inserted into the separator bowl, making separation quicker and more effective. The Alfa patent was acquired from Clemens von Bechtolsheim.
1890 The first milk pasteuriser is introduced.
1894 A small inexpensive machine, the Colibri separator, is constructed – the starting point for future success.
1898 Around the turn of the century, many important new applications and products are introduced, e.g. the first yeast separator.
1910 Around 1910, Gustaf de Laval begins to work on the design of a milking machine.
1913 Gustaf de Laval dies at the age of 67. During his lifetime, he acquires 92 Swedish patents and founds 37 companies. His memorial is engraved with the inscription: “The Man of High Speedâ€.
1917 The one millionth separator is produced.
1918 The American company continues to develop the milking machine and introduces a new type unequalled to this day.
1926 A total of 384,000 farm separators are produced in Sweden this year – a huge success and an unbroken record.
1938 Alfa-Laval introduces its first heat exchanger. Pontus Hytte, the son of the famous Swedish painter Carl Larsson, moves the development and production of heat exchangers to Lund.
1945 Separator success – more than 12 million separator models are sold in the period up to the end of World War II.
1951 A decision is taken to begin marketing the “self-cleaning†centrifugal separator. AB Separator also starts selling decanter centrifuges.
1958 The first automatic “CIP system†(Clean In Place) is installed in a Swedish dairy.
1961 The first sterilization processing system is delivered to Italy. This marks a major breakthrough in the food and liquid food processing sector.
1962 AB Rosenblad’s patents are acquired, bringing the spiral heat exchanger as well as a series of industrial plate designs into the possession of AB Separator.
1963 The company changes its name from AB Separator to Alfa-Laval AB. The name “Alfa†derives from the alpha discs and “Laval†from the founder of the company.
1965 The first large computerized system is delivered to a dairy in Switzerland. The automated system makes it possible to supervise and control the entire plant.
1969 Plans for a Fluid Handling Division begin to materialize.
1971 Alfa-Laval acquires a majority interest in the Danish company Lavrids Knudsens Maskinfabrik (LKM) marking Alfa-Laval’s move into the sanitary flow business.
1976 The Thermal Business Area starts the construction of new offices and an international production centre in Lund, Sweden. This plant is the international headquarters, the site of the R&D department and the production site.
1978 Alfa-Laval introduces a completely new snap-in construction that makes it possible for customers to change the gasket of a heat exchanger themselves.
1982 To strengthen Alfa-Laval’s core business, a number of acquisitions are made, Pagès in France and LKM in Germany in 1982. Tri-Clover and Sharples in the USA are acquired as well as Reginox in Brazil, and in 1987, Saunders Valves in the UK.
1991 Tetra Pak, owned by the Rausing family, acquires Alfa Laval. In 1993, Alfa Laval becomes an independent industrial group within the Tetra Laval Group. Liquid food processing activities are integrated with Tetra Pak’s business. Farm equipment and systems are reorganized into a new industry group, Alfa Laval Agri (now DeLaval).
1998 Alfa Laval implements four Business Segments besides the Separation, Thermal and Flow Business Areas.
1999 Alfa Laval launches a new and revolutionary oil treatment system on board ships, the ThinkTop Separation Unit. Alfa Laval introduces the ThinkTop Control & Indication Unit. ThinkTop offers the most advanced automated control of valves in the industry.
2000 Change in ownership. Industri Kapital 2000 Funds buys the Alfa Laval group. Tetra Laval retains a minority interest in the business. Industri Kapital's intention is to further develop Alfa Laval as a global leader in equipment for Separation, Heat Transfer and Fluid Handling, with a view to listing the shares publicly within a five-year period.
2001 Major restructuring of Alfa Laval into market oriented divisions with distinct customer focus. The new business mission: “To optimize the performance of our customers’ processes. Time and time againâ€.
2002 Alfa Laval returns to the Stockholm Stock Exchange. The main strategy is to create profitable growth both organically and through acquisitions, such as the Danish Separation Systems A/S (DSS) and the Toftejorg Group in Denmark; and bioKinetics in North America.
2003 Launch of AlfaNova, heat exchangers that tolerate high temperatures and stress.
2007 Launch of Alfa Laval Reactor Technology( ART ), a range of modular plate reactors dedicated to pharmaceutical and fine chemistry industries. By integrating a continuous flow with advanced plate heat exchanger technology, the Plate Reactor goes beyond batch reactor limitations to enable safe, environmental and cost-effective process intensification. With its dedicated sub-millimetric reaction channel geometry, the ART positions itself in the context of microreaction and like a serious challenger for classic microreactors...
En el Festival Internacional de Cine Expresión en Corto afirmó que las nuevas generaciones de directores deben dejar a un lado los modelos tradicionales de hacer cine.
En pleno siglo XXI, los creadores deben adoptar y apoyarse en las nuevas tecnologÃas para mostrar facetas innovadoras del cine en una sociedad que tiene necesidad de comunicación vanguardista y pujante, afirmó el director nacido en Gales, Inglaterra, en 1942.
El cine tradicional está dejando de atraer la atención de los espectadores que están cambiando la pantalla grande por producciones en dvd, los cuales observan en casa, expuso.
"En las pelÃculas no hay tacto, no hay olor, no hay temperatura, y la corta duración está generando audiencias pasivas y sedentarias; de hecho, la gente está adquiriendo dvds en lugar de boletos para el cine", señaló.
La gente busca otras necesidades audiovisuales que no obtiene sentada en una "sala oscura y con la vista fija durante un par de horas en un rectángulo que reproduce 24 imágenes por segundo", argumentó ante un público en su mayorÃa joven.
Agregó que los productores tienen una fijación desmedida por reflejar una realidad en sets temporales que se mezcla con la poca comprensión de la pantalla y los intereses comerciales de la industria.
En tres horas, Greenaway ennumeró los desencantos del cine tradicional, pero, propuso que para salir de este cÃrculo se deben superar las limitaciones con las nuevas tecnologÃas que permiten experimentar con las imágenes y sonidos.
"Un medio sin reinvención constante está condenado a morir, y hoy muchos dicen que no hay grandes innovadores en el cine", reflexionó.
Peter Greenaway, quien fue una de los principales homenajeados en Expresión en Corto, junto con el cineasta Jorge Fons y la actriz mexicana Meche Carreño, se caracteriza por ser un cineasta artÃstico alejado del cine comercial.
El último libro que he leido:'MI LUCHA'/aDOLFO hITLER
História de las ideas polÃticas:Mi Lucha/Mein Kampf de Adolfo Hitler (1889-1945),lider y fundador del Nacionalsocialismo/Gobernante de Alemania 1933-1945...
---Mi lucha (en alemán Mein Kampf) es un libro escrito por Adolf Hitler, combinando elementos autobiográficos con una exposición de ideas de corte racista y fascista propias de la ideologÃa polÃtica del nacionalsocialismo.
La mayor parte del material basado en'hechos'fue distorsionado o fabricado por el autor.
Hitler empleaba las tesis principales del "Peligro judÃo", que hablaba de una presunta conspiración judÃa para ganar el liderazgo mundial.
Aun asà explica muchos detalles de la niñez de Hitler del proceso por el que se volvió cada vez más antisemita y militarista, especialmente durante sus años en Viena.
En un primer capÃtulo, escribÃa sobre como veÃa los judÃos en las calles de la ciudad y entonces se pregunta '¿Era aquello un alemán?'
Por lo que se refiere a las teorÃas polÃticas, Hitler describe su aversión a los que cree son los males gemelos del mundo: el comunismo y el judaÃsmo, y manifestaba que su propósito era erradicarlos de la tierra.
Hoy, el copyright de todas las ediciones del 'Mein Kampf', excepto la inglesa y la neerlandesa, son propiedad del estado de Baviera.
- El copyright expirará el 31 de diciembre de 2015.
Poseer y comprar el libro es generalmente legal en el mundo.
Comerciar con ejemplares antiguos es igualmente legal, a no ser que se haga apologÃa de la guerra o del odio racial, lo cual es generalmente ilegal en muchos paÃses del mundo.
La mayorÃa de librerÃas alemanas no quieren saber nada de comerciar con este libro.
En los PaÃses Bajos vender el libro incluso en el caso de ser un ejemplar antiguo es ilegal y calificado como apologÃa del odio racial, pero no lo es ni poseerlo ni prestarlo.
- En 1997 el gobierno explicó al parlamento que vender una versión cientÃficamente anotada podrÃa escapar de la prohibición.
En 1999, el Centro 'Simon Wiesenthal' documentó que las mayores librerÃas virtuales como Amazon.com o Barnesandnoble.com vendÃan Mein Kampf en Alemania.
-A raÃz de esta denuncia, la venta en Alemania se interrumpió.
Mein Kampf fue un texto influyente entre los activistas del Partido Ãrabe Socialista Baaz (en el poder en Irak hasta la invasión estadounidense y todavia en Siria).
Una versión en árabe fue publicada en LÃbano.
The foreign policy of the United States is the policy by which the United States interacts with foreign nations.
United States foreign policy is highly influential on the world stage, as it is the only remaining superpower.
The global reach of the United States is backed by a $14.3 trillion dollar economy, the largest national economy in the world, and a defense budget of $711 billion which accounts for approximately 50% of global military spending.
The officially stated goals of the foreign policy of the United States, as mentioned in the Foreign Policy Agenda of the U.S. Department of State, are "to create a more secure, democratic, and prosperous world for the benefit of the American people and the international community."[1] In addition, the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs states as some of its jurisdictional goals: "export controls, including nonproliferation of nuclear technology and nuclear hardware; measures to foster commercial intercourse with foreign nations and to safeguard American business abroad; International commodity agreements; international education; and protection of American citizens abroad and expatriation."[2]
U.S. foreign policy has been the subject of much debate, criticism and praise both domestically and abroad.[3]...
Apocalipsis de Pablo..¿Puñeta metafÃsico-biblica?..¿Escenario de Pesadillas?
Apocalipsis de Pablo
El Apocalipsis de Pablo es el segundo tratado del códice V de Nag Hammadi (NHC V, 17-24).
* 1-CaracterÃsticas literarias
La versión del Apocalipsis de Pablo existente en NHC V es copta; la lengua original es el griego -en general se presupone esto para casi todos los otros textos de la tradición copta más antigua. Sin embargo no hay ninguna señal segura de esto en el texto. Podemos decir muy poco con respecto a la pregunta si el texto corresponde en la extensión al original griego presumido, o ha sido corregido por las supresiones y adiciones excesivas de la traducción copta.
Las aguas que alimentan el lugar nacen a una distancia de dos km –se dice que desde 45 años atrás- en el margen derecho del rÃo Tula, antes llamado Moctezuma, son de origen volcánico y se consideran como termales por su temperatura, entre 40° a 45° C.
El parque se caracteriza por la vasta vegetación que lo rodea, se pueden realizar caminatas por el puente Miguel Hidalgo para disfrutar del paisaje y encontrar a la orilla del rÃo algunos sabinos, ahuehuetes y nogales, varios testigos de la historia del pueblo de Tlacotapilco, que significa tierra de nobles.
La fauna es diversa, conejos, ardillas, tlacuaches, zorrillos, coyotes, zopilotes, gavilancillos, además de una gran variedad de diminutas aves.
Crimen organizado/Saqueo a PEMEX:como $30 mil millones anuales
-Hay colusión de trabajadores sindicalizados y omisión de funcionarios, acusa ex subgerente -Saqueo a Pemex: $30 mil millones al año; "el enemigo está adentro"
-El robo a la empresa se intensificó durante la gestión de Juan Bueno Torio
El ex funcionario de Pemex desestimó las medidas recientemente adoptadas para el combate al mercado ilÃcito de combustibles, debido a que existe una falta de compromiso de los funcionarios. Resumió: en Pemex "tenemos un paciente enfermo con cáncer terminal y le damos una aspirina y lo quieren festejar".
Calculó que hoy el mercado ilÃcito de combustibles ronda los 20 mil millones de pesos; sin embargo, esta cifra se eleva a casi 30 mil millones, si se incluye el robo en terminales marÃtimas, terrestres, contrabando y adulteración, entre otros.
Otro, es desvÃo de producto; robo en terminales marÃtimas de combustóleo y gasolina, y todo eso en conjunto vale unos 30 mil millones de pesos. Solamente en tomas clandestinas suman, desde que se inició la administración del presidente Felipe Calderón, 16 mil millones de pesos.
Armando Subirats señaló que se disparó el robo en oleoductos, precisamente durante la administración de Juan Bueno Torio, al frente de Pemex-Refinación (2003-2006).
Informes de Pemex señalan que en 2006 se detectaron 70 tomas clandestinas en oleoductos, las cuales fueron en ascenso hasta llegar en 2008 a 170 tomas ilegales y ya en la primera mitad de este año suman 50.
Para que se produzca la "ordeña de ductos", señaló el ex funcionario, debe haber participación de los trabajadores, porque es gente que conoce cómo hacer la extracción. Indicó que una toma clandestina tiene un costo de entre 150 mil y 200 mil pesos. “Ésta la hace un obrero conocido en el argot petrolero como ‘tapinero’, que viene de la expresión inglesa tapping, que es la acción de instalar válvulas o tomas con fines legales. No cualquiera te hace una toma clandestina.â€
–¿Hay colusión de los funcionarios de Pemex?
–Hay un delito por omisión de los funcionarios de Pemex, quienes saben que existe un mercado ilÃcito, sin embargo nadie se quiere arriesgar a denunciar o ir más allá de lo estrictamente necesario. Es un tema muy molesto para ellos. No les interesan estos asuntos.
~~Juguemos Bilingüe~~Federal Governement of the USA..
The Federal Government of the United States is the central United States governmental body, established by the United States Constitution.
The federal government has three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial.
Through a system of separation of powers and the system of "checks and balances," each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches.[1]
The policies of the federal government have a broad impact on both the domestic and foreign affairs of the United States.
In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the Constitution, which, per the Tenth Amendment, gives all power not directed to the National government, to the State level, or to the people.
The seat of the federal government is in the federal district of Washington, D.C.
Legislative branch
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district and serves for a two-year term. In addition to the 435 voting members there are five non-voting members, consisting of four delegates and one resident commissioner. There is one delegate each from the District of Columbia, Guam, Virgin Islands, and American Samoa, and the resident commissioner is from Puerto Rico.[2] House seats are apportioned among the states by population; in contrast, each state has two Senators, regardless of population. There are a total of 100 senators (as there are currently 50 states), who serve six-year terms (one third of the Senate stands for election every two years). Each congressional chamber (House or Senate) has particular exclusive powers—the Senate must give "advice and consent" to many important Presidential appointments, and the House must introduce any bills for the purpose of raising revenue. The consent of both chambers is required to pass any legislation, which then may only become law by being signed by the President; if the President vetoes such legislation, however, both houses of Congress must then repass the legislation, but by a 2/3's majority of each chamber, in order to make such legislation law without the need for the President's signature. The powers of Congress are limited to those enumerated in the Constitution; all other powers are reserved to the states and the people. The Constitution also includes the "Necessary and Proper Clause", which grants Congress the power to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers." Members of the House and Senate are elected by first-past-the-post voting in every state except Louisiana and Washington, which have runoffs.
The Constitution does not specifically call for the establishment of Congressional committees. As the nation grew, however, so did the need for investigating pending legislation more thoroughly. The 108th Congress (2003-2005) had 19 standing committees in the House and 17 in the Senate, plus four joint permanent committees with members from both houses overseeing the Library of Congress, printing, taxation, and the economy. In addition, each house can name special, or select, committees to study specific problems. Because of an increase in workload, the standing committees have also spawned some 150 subcommittees.
Powers of Congress
Article One of the United States Constitution
The Constitution grants numerous powers to Congress. These include the powers to levy and collect taxes, provide for common defense and promote the pursuit of liberty; to coin money and regulate its value; provide for punishment for counterfeiting; establish post offices and roads, promote progress of science, create courts inferior to the Supreme Court, define and punish piracies and felonies, declare war, raise and support armies, provide and maintain a navy, make rules for the regulation of land and naval forces, provide for, arm, and discipline the militia, exercise exclusive legislation in the District of Columbia, and make laws necessary and proper to execute the powers of Congress.
Congressional oversight
Congressional oversight is intended to prevent waste and fraud, protect civil liberties and individual rights, ensure executive compliance with the law, gather information for making laws and educating the public, and evaluate executive performance.[3]
It applies to cabinet departments, executive agencies, regulatory commissions, and the presidency. Congress's oversight function takes many forms:
* Committee inquiries and hearings
* Formal consultations with and reports from the President
* Senate advice and consent for presidential nominations and for treaties
* House impeachment proceedings and subsequent Senate trials
* House and Senate proceedings under the 25th Amendment in the event that the President becomes disabled or the office of the Vice President falls vacant
* Informal meetings between legislators and executive officials
* Congressional membership: each state, is allocated a number of seats based on its representation (or ostensible representation, in the case of D.C.) in the House of Representatives. Each state is allocated two Senators regardless of its population. At the present time, the District of Columbia elects a non-voting representative to the House of Representatives along with American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Guam...
* Medir fenómenos.
* Comparar los resultados obtenidos.
* Interpretar los resultados en función de los conocimientos actuales, teniendo en cuenta las variables que pueden haber influido en el resultado.
* realizar encuestas (para buscar el objetivo.)
* comparaciones.
* determinar y/o resolver en función de los resultados obtenidos.
* Investigación de campo: Se trata de la investigación aplicada para comprender y resolver alguna situación, necesidad o problema en un contexto determinado. El investigador trabaja en el ambiente natural en que conviven las personas y las fuentes consultadas, de las que obtendrán los datos más relevantes a ser analizados son individuos, grupos y representaciones de las organizaciones cientÃficas, no experimentales dirigidas a descubrir relaciones e interacciones entre variables sociológicas, psicológicas y educativas en estructuras sociales reales y cotidianas.
Según la extensión del estudio:
* Investigación censal.
* Investigación de caso. (Encuesta).
Según las variables:
* Investigación experimental: Se presenta mediante la manipulación de una variable experimental no comprobada, en condiciones rigurosamente controladas, con el fin de describir de que modo o por que causa se produce una situación o acontecimiento particular.
* Investigación casi experimental.
* Investigación simple y compleja.
Según el nivel de medición y análisis de la información:
* Investigación longitudinal o transversal. Estos datos se encuetran en enciclopedias, diarios, publicaciones y otros materiales
* Investigación dinámica o estática.
Según el objeto de estudio:
* Investigación pura.
* Investigación aplicada.
Diferentes tipos de investigación entre disciplinas [editar]
Se han descrito diferentes tipos de investigación entre disciplinas, asà como una terminologÃa especÃfica. Las definiciones más comúnmente aceptadas son las usadas para referirse al incremento en el nivel de interacción entre las disciplinas:
* Multidisciplinariedad: en este nivel de investigación la aproximación al objeto de estudio se realiza desde diferentes ángulos, usando diferentes perspectivas disciplinarias sin llegar a la integración.
* Interdisciplinariedad: este nivel de investigación se refiere a la creación de una identidad metodológica, teórica y conceptual, de forma tal que los resultados sean más coherentes e integrados.
* Transdisciplinariedad: va más allá que las anteriores y se refiere al proceso en el cual ocurre la convergencia entre disciplinas, acompañado por una integración mutua de las epistemologÃas disciplinares (TeorÃa de las Ciencias Humanas).
Por otro lado, las investigaciones históricas son las que se realizan mediante una perspectiva comparativa en el tiempo, recurriendo a fuentes primarias y secundarias. Este tipo de investigación puede contribuir a la creación inicial de hipótesis o a la de hipótesis de trabajo.
* Marco Bersanelli; Mario Gargantini (2006). Sólo el asombro conoce. La aventura de la investigación cientÃfica. Ediciones Encuentro. ISBN 978-84-7490-810-7.
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