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OBAMA:'State of the Nation'adress to Congress/Especie de INFORME en EUA

WASHINGTON (CNN) -- President Obama spoke to a joint session of Congress Tuesday night.

President Obama: Thank you very much.

Madam Speaker, Mr. Vice President, members of Congress, and the first lady of the United States, who's around here somewhere.

I have come here tonight not only to address the distinguished men and women in this great chamber, but to speak frankly and directly to the men and women who sent us here.

I know that for many Americans watching right now, the state of our economy is a concern that rises above all others, and rightly so. If you haven't been personally affected by this recession, you probably know someone who has: a friend, a neighbor, a member of your family.

You don't need to hear another list of statistics to know that our economy is in crisis, because you live it every day. It's the worry you wake up with and the source of sleepless nights. It's the job you thought you'd retire from but now have lost, the business you built your dreams upon that's now hanging by a thread, the college acceptance letter your child had to put back in the envelope.

The impact of this recession is real, and it is everywhere.
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*But while our economy may be weakened and our confidence shaken, though we are living through difficult and uncertain times, tonight I want every American to know this: We will rebuild, we will recover, and the United States of America will emerge stronger than before.

The weight of this crisis will not determine the destiny of this nation. The answers to our problems don't lie beyond our reach. They exist in our laboratories and our universities, in our fields and our factories, in the imaginations of our entrepreneurs and the pride of the hardest-working people on Earth.

Those qualities that have made America the greatest force of progress and prosperity in human history we still possess in ample measure. What is required now is for this country to pull together, confront boldly the challenges we face, and take responsibility for our future once more.

Now, if we're honest with ourselves, we'll admit that for too long we have not always met these responsibilities, as a government or as a people. I say this not to lay blame or to look backwards, but because it is only by understanding how we arrived at this moment that we'll be able to lift ourselves out of this predicament.

The fact is, our economy did not fall into decline overnight. Nor did all of our problems begin when the housing market collapsed or the stock market sank.

We have known for decades that our survival depends on finding new sources of energy, yet we import more oil today than ever before.

The cost of health care eats up more and more of our savings each year, yet we keep delaying reform.

Our children will compete for jobs in a global economy that too many of our schools do not prepare them for.

And though all of these challenges went unsolved, we still managed to spend more money and pile up more debt, both as individuals and through our government, than ever before.

In other words, we have lived through an era where too often short-term gains were prized over long-term prosperity, where we failed to look beyond the next payment, the next quarter, or the next election.

A surplus became an excuse to transfer wealth to the wealthy instead of an opportunity to invest in our future. Regulations...

Regulations -- regulations were gutted for the sake of a quick profit at the expense of a healthy market. People bought homes they knew they couldn't afford from banks and lenders who pushed those bad loans anyway. And all the while, critical debates and difficult decisions were put off for some other time on some other day.

Well, that day of reckoning has arrived, and the time to take charge of our future is here.

Now is the time to act boldly and wisely, to not only revive this economy, but to build a new foundation for lasting prosperity.

Now is the time to jump-start job creation, re-start lending, and invest in areas like energy, health care, and education that will grow our economy, even as we make hard choices to bring our deficit down. That is what my economic agenda is designed to do, and that is what I'd like to talk to you about tonight.

It's an agenda that begins with jobs. As soon...

As soon as I took office, I asked this Congress to send me a recovery plan by Presidents Day that would put people back to work and put money in their pockets, not because I believe in bigger government -- I don't -- not because I'm not mindful of the massive debt we've inherited -- I am.

I called for action because the failure to do so would have cost more jobs and caused more hardships. In fact, a failure to act would have worsened our long-term deficit by assuring weak economic growth for years. And that's why I pushed for quick action.

And tonight I am grateful that this Congress delivered and pleased to say that the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act is now law.

Over -- over the next two years, this plan will save or create 3.5 million jobs. More than 90 percent of these jobs will be in the private sector, jobs rebuilding our roads and bridges, constructing wind turbines and solar panels, laying broadband and expanding mass transit.

Because of this plan, there are teachers who can now keep their jobs and educate our kids. Health care professionals can continue caring for our sick. There are 57 police officers who are still on the streets of Minneapolis, [Minnesota] tonight because this plan prevented the layoffs their department was about to make.

Because of this plan, 95 percent of working households in America will receive a tax cut, a tax cut that you will see in your paychecks beginning on April 1.

Because of this plan, families who are struggling to pay tuition costs will receive a $2,500 tax credit for all four years of college.

And Americans -- and Americans who have lost their jobs in this recession will be able to receive extended unemployment benefits and continued health care coverage to help them weather this storm. Now I know there are some in this chamber and watching at home who are skeptical of whether this plan will work, and I understand that skepticism.

Here in Washington, we've all seen how quickly good intentions can turn into broken promises and wasteful spending. And with a plan of this scale comes enormous responsibility to get it right.

And that's why I've asked Vice President Biden to lead a tough, unprecedented oversight effort, because nobody messes with Joe.

I have told each of my Cabinet, as well as mayors and governors across the country, that they will be held accountable by me and the American people for every dollar they spend.

I've appointed a proven and aggressive inspector general to ferret out any and all cases of waste and fraud.

And we have created a new Web site called recovery.gov so that every American can find out how and where their money is being spent.

So, the recovery plan we passed is the first step in getting our economy back on track, but it is just the first step, because even if we manage this plan flawlessly, there will be no real recovery unless we clean up the credit crisis that has severely weakened our financial system.

I want to speak plainly and candidly about this issue tonight, because every American should know that it directly affects you and your family's well-being. You should also know that the money you've deposited in banks across the country is safe, your insurance is secure. You can rely on the continued operation of our financial system; that's not the source of concern.

The concern is that, if we do not re-start lending in this country, our recovery will be choked off before it even begins. You see, the flow of credit is the lifeblood of our economy. The ability to get a loan is how you finance the purchase of everything from a home to a car to a college education, how stores stock their shelves, farms buy equipment, and businesses make payroll.

But credit has stopped flowing the way it should. Too many bad loans from the housing crisis have made their way onto the books of too many banks. And with so much debt and so little confidence, these banks are now fearful of lending out any more money to households, to businesses, or even to each other.

When there's no lending, families can't afford to buy homes or cars, so businesses are forced to make layoffs. Our economy suffers even more, and credit dries up even further.

That is why this administration is moving swiftly and aggressively to break this destructive cycle, to restore confidence, and restart lending....

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Re: OBAMAZOS .. cuidado ¡¡¡¡¡ para bien o para mal, ya veremos...

And we will do so in several ways. First, we are creating a new lending fund that represents the largest effort ever to help provide auto loans, college loans, and small-business loans to the consumers and entrepreneurs who keep this economy running.

Second -- second, we have launched a housing plan that will help responsible families facing the threat of foreclosure lower their monthly payments and refinance their mortgages.

It's a plan that won't help speculators or that neighbor down the street who bought a house he could never hope to afford, but it will help millions of Americans who are struggling with declining home values, Americans who will now be able to take advantage of the lower interest rates that this plan has already helped to bring about. In fact, the average family who refinances today can save nearly $2,000 per year on their mortgage.

Third, we will act with the full force of the federal government to ensure that the major banks that Americans depend on have enough confidence and enough money to lend even in more difficult times. And when we learn that a major bank has serious problems, we will hold accountable those responsible, force the necessary adjustments, provide the support to clean up their balance sheets, and assure the continuity of a strong, viable institution that can serve our people and our economy.

Now, I understand that, on any given day, Wall Street may be more comforted by an approach that gives bank bailouts with no strings attached and that holds nobody accountable for their reckless decisions, but such an approach won't solve the problem.

And our goal is to quicken the day when we restart lending to the American people and American business and end this crisis once and for all. And I intend to hold these banks fully accountable for the assistance they receive, and this time they will have to clearly demonstrate how taxpayer dollars result in more lending for the American taxpayer.

This time -- this time, CEOs won't be able to use taxpayer money to pad their paychecks, or buy fancy drapes, or disappear on a private jet. Those days are over.

Still, this plan will require significant resources from the federal government and, yes, probably more than we've already set aside. But while the cost of action will be great, I can assure you that the cost of inaction will be far greater, for it could result in an economy that sputters along for not months or years, but perhaps a decade.

That would be worse for our deficit, worse for business, worse for you, and worse for the next generation. And I refuse to let that happen.

Now, I understand that when the last administration asked this Congress to provide assistance for struggling banks, Democrats and Republicans alike were infuriated by the mismanagement and the results that followed. So were the American taxpayers; so was I.

So I know how unpopular it is to be seen as helping banks right now, especially when everyone is suffering in part from their bad decisions. I promise you: I get it.

But I also know that, in a time of crisis, we cannot afford to govern out of anger or yield to the politics of the moment.

My job -- our job -- is to solve the problem. Our job is to govern with a sense of responsibility.

I will not send -- I will not spend a single penny for the purpose of rewarding a single Wall Street executive, but I will do whatever it takes to help the small business that can't pay its workers or the family that has saved and still can't get a mortgage.

That's what this is about. It's not about helping banks; it's about helping people.

It's not about helping banks; it's about helping people. Because when credit is available again, that young family can finally buy a new home. And then some company will hire workers to build it. And then those workers will have money to spend. And if they can get a loan, too, maybe they'll finally buy that car or open their own business.

Investors will return to the market, and American families will see their retirement secured once more. Slowly, but surely, confidence will return, and our economy will recover.

So -- so I ask this Congress to join me in doing whatever proves necessary, because we cannot consign our nation to an open-ended recession. And to ensure that a crisis of this magnitude never happens again, I ask Congress to move quickly on legislation that will finally reform our outdated regulatory system.

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Re: OBAMAZOS .. cuidado ¡¡¡¡¡ para bien o para mal, ya veremos...

It is time. It is time.

It is time to put in place tough, new common-sense rules of the road so that our financial market rewards drive and innovation and punishes shortcuts and abuse.

The recovery plan and the financial stability plan are the immediate steps we're taking to revive our economy in the short term, but the only way to fully restore America's economic strength is to make the long-term investments that will lead to new jobs, new industries, and a renewed ability to compete with the rest of the world.

The only way this century will be another American century is if we confront at last the price of our dependence on oil and the high cost of health care, the schools that aren't preparing our children and the mountain of debt they stand to inherit. That is our responsibility.

In the next few days, I will submit a budget to Congress. So often, we've come to view these documents as simply numbers on a page or a laundry list of programs.

I see this document differently. I see it as a vision for America, as a blueprint for our future.

My budget does not attempt to solve every problem or address every issue. It reflects the stark reality of what we've inherited: a trillion-dollar deficit, a financial crisis, and a costly recession.

Given these realities, everyone in this chamber -- Democrats and Republicans -- will have to sacrifice some worthy priorities for which there are no dollars, and that includes me.

But that does not mean we can afford to ignore our long-term challenges.

I reject the view that says our problems will simply take care of themselves, that says government has no role in laying the foundation for our common prosperity, for history tells a different story.

History reminds us that, at every moment of economic upheaval and transformation, this nation has responded with bold action and big ideas.

In the midst of civil war, we laid railroad tracks from one coast to another that spurred commerce and industry.

From the turmoil of the Industrial Revolution came a system of public high schools that prepared our citizens for a new age.

In the wake of war and depression, the GI Bill sent a generation to college and created the largest middle-class in history.

And a twilight struggle for freedom led to a nation of highways, an American on the moon, and an explosion of technology that still shapes our world.

In each case, government didn't supplant private enterprise; it catalyzed private enterprise. It created the conditions for thousands of entrepreneurs and new businesses to adapt and to thrive.

We are a nation that has seen promise amid peril and claimed opportunity from ordeal. Now we must be that nation again.

That is why, even as it cuts back on programs we don't need, the budget I submit will invest in the three areas that are absolutely critical to our economic future: energy, health care, and education.

It begins with energy.

We know the country that harnesses the power of clean, renewable energy will lead the 21st century. And yet it is China that has launched the largest effort in history to make their economy energy efficient. We invented solar technology, but we've fallen behind countries like Germany and Japan in producing it. New plug-in hybrids roll off our assembly lines, but they will run on batteries made in Korea.

Well, I do not accept a future where the jobs and industries of tomorrow take root beyond our borders, and I know you don't, either. It is time for America to lead again.

Thanks to our recovery plan, we will double this nation's supply of renewable energy in the next three years. We've also made the largest investment in basic research funding in American history, an investment that will spur not only new discoveries in energy, but breakthroughs in medicine, in science and technology.

We will soon lay down thousands of miles of power lines that can carry new energy to cities and towns across this country. And we will put Americans to work making our homes and buildings more efficient so that we can save billions of dollars on our energy bills.

But to truly transform our economy, to protect our security and save our planet from the ravages of climate change, we need to ultimately make clean, renewable energy the profitable kind of energy.

So I ask this Congress to send me legislation that places a market-based cap on carbon pollution and drives the production of more renewable energy in America. That's what we need.

And to support -- to support that innovation, we will invest $15 billion a year to develop technologies like wind power and solar power, advanced biofuels, clean coal, and more efficient cars and trucks built right here in America.

Speaking of our auto industry, everyone recognizes that years of bad decision-making and a global recession have pushed our automakers to the brink. We should not and will not protect them from their own bad practices.

But we are committed to the goal of a re-tooled, re-imagined auto industry that can compete and win. Millions of jobs depend on it; scores of communities depend on it; and I believe the nation that invented the automobile cannot walk away from it.

Now, none of this will come without cost, nor will it be easy. But this is America. We don't do what's easy. We do what's necessary to move this country forward.

And for that same reason, we must also address the crushing cost of health care.

This is a cost that now causes a bankruptcy in America every 30 seconds. By the end of the year, it could cause 1.5 million Americans to lose their homes. In the last eight years, premiums have grown four times faster than wages. And in each of these years, 1 million more Americans have lost their health insurance.

It is one of the major reasons why small businesses close their doors and corporations ship jobs overseas. And it is one of the largest and fastest-growing parts of our budget.

Given these facts, we can no longer afford to put health care reform on hold. We can't afford to do it.

It's time.

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+ OBAMAZOS ..'State of the Nation',part IV

It's time.

Already, we've done more to advance the cause of health care reform in the last 30 days than we've done in the last decade. When it was days old, this Congress passed a law to provide and protect health insurance for 11 million American children whose parents work full-time.

Our recovery plan will invest in electronic health records and new technology that will reduce errors, bring down costs, ensure privacy, and save lives.

It will launch a new effort to conquer a disease that has touched the life of nearly every American, including me, by seeking a cure for cancer in our time.

And -- and it makes the largest investment ever in preventive care, because that's one of the best ways to keep our people healthy and our costs under control.

This budget builds on these reforms. It includes a historic commitment to comprehensive health care reform, a down payment on the principle that we must have quality, affordable health care for every American. It's a commitment

It's a commitment that's paid for in part by efficiencies in our system that are long overdue, and it's a step we must take if we hope to bring down our deficit in the years to come.

Now, there will be many different opinions and ideas about how to achieve reform. That's why I'm bringing together businesses and workers, doctors and health care providers, Democrats and Republicans to begin work on this issue next week.

I suffer no illusions that this will be an easy process. Once again, it will be hard. But I also know that nearly a century after Teddy Roosevelt first called for reform, the cost of our health care has weighed down our economy and our conscience long enough.

So let there be no doubt: Health care reform cannot wait, it must not wait, and it will not wait another year.

The third challenge we must address is the urgent need to expand the promise of education in America.

In a global economy, where the most valuable skill you can sell is your knowledge, a good education is no longer just a pathway to opportunity. It is a prerequisite.

Right now, three-quarters of the fastest-growing occupations require more than a high school diploma, and yet just over half of our citizens have that level of education. We have one of the highest high school dropout rates of any industrialized nation, and half of the students who begin college never finish.

This is a prescription for economic decline, because we know the countries that out-teach us today will out-compete us tomorrow. That is why it will be the goal of this administration to ensure that every child has access to a complete and competitive education, from the day they are born to the day they begin a career. That is a promise we have to make to the children of America.

Already, we've made a historic investment in education through the economic recovery plan. We've dramatically expanded early childhood education and will continue to improve its quality, because we know that the most formative learning comes in those first years of life.

We've made college affordable for nearly 7 million more students, 7 million. And we have provided the resources necessary to prevent painful cuts and teacher layoffs that would set back our children's progress.

But we know that our schools don't just need more resources; they need more reform. And that is why...

That is why this budget creates new teachers -- new incentives for teacher performance, pathways for advancement, and rewards for success. We'll invest -- we'll invest in innovative programs that are already helping schools meet high standards and close achievement gaps. And we will expand our commitment to charter schools.

It is...It is our responsibility as lawmakers and as educators to make this system work, but it is the responsibility of every citizen to participate in it.

So tonight I ask every American to commit to at least one year or more of higher education or career training. This can be a community college or a four-year school, vocational training or an apprenticeship. But whatever the training may be, every American will need to get more than a high school diploma.

And dropping out of high school is no longer an option. It's not just quitting on yourself; it's quitting on your country. And this country needs and values the talents of every American.

That's why -- that's why we will support -- we will provide the support necessary for all young Americans to complete college and meet a new goal: By 2020, America will once again have the highest proportion of college graduates in the world. That is a goal we can meet.

That's a goal we can meet.

Now -- now, I know that the price of tuition is higher than ever, which is why, if you are willing to volunteer in your neighborhood or give back to your community or serve your country, we will make sure that you can afford a higher education.

And to encourage a renewed spirit of national service for this and future generations, I ask Congress to send me the bipartisan legislation that bears the name of Sen. Orrin Hatch, as well as an American who has never stopped asking what he can do for his country, Sen. Edward Kennedy.

These education policies will open the doors of opportunity for our children, but it is up to us to ensure they walk through them.

In the end, there is no program or policy that can substitute for a parent, for a mother or father who will attend those parent-teacher conferences, or help with homework, or turn off the TV, put away the video games, read to their child.

I speak to you not just as a president, but as a father, when I say that responsibility for our children's education must begin at home. That is not a Democratic issue or a Republican issue. That's an American issue.

And there is, of course, another responsibility we have to our children, and that's the responsibility to ensure that we do not pass on to them a debt they cannot pay. That is critical.

I agree, absolutely.

See, I know we can get some consensus in here.

With the deficit we inherited, the cost of the crisis we face, and the long-term challenges we must meet, it has never been more important to ensure that, as our economy recovers, we do what it takes to bring this deficit down. That is critical.

Now, I'm proud that we passed a recovery plan free of earmarks, and I want to pass a budget next year that ensures that each dollar we spend reflects only our most important national priorities.

And yesterday, I -- I held a fiscal summit where I pledged to cut the deficit in half by the end of my first term in office. My administration has also begun to go line by line through the federal budget in order to eliminate wasteful and ineffective programs.

As you can imagine, this is a process that will take some time, but we have already identified $2 trillion in savings over the next decade.

In this budget, we will end education programs that don't work and end direct payments to large agribusinesses that don't need them.

We'll eliminate the no-bid contracts that have wasted billions in Iraq and -- and reform our defense budget so that we're not paying for Cold War-era weapons systems we don't use.

We will root out -- we will root out the waste and fraud and abuse in our Medicare program that doesn't make our seniors any healthier. We will restore a sense of fairness and balance to our tax code by finally ending the tax breaks for corporations that ship our jobs overseas.

In order to save our children from a future of debt, we will also end the tax breaks for the wealthiest 2 percent of Americans.

Now, let me be clear. Let me be absolutely clear, because I know you'll end up hearing some of the same claims that rolling back these tax breaks means a massive tax increase on the American people. If your family earns less than $250,000 a year, a quarter-million dollars a year, you will not see your taxes increased a single dime. I repeat: not one single dime.

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OBAMAZOS ..'State of the Nation'adress/Part V-final

In fact -- not a dime.

In fact -- in fact, the recovery plan provides a tax cut -- that's right, a tax cut -- for 95 percent of working families. And, by the way, these checks are on the way.

Now, to preserve our long-term fiscal health, we must also address the growing cost in Medicare and Social Security. Comprehensive health care reform is the best way to strengthen Medicare for years to come, and we must also begin a conversation on how to do the same for Social Security, while creating tax-free universal savings accounts for all Americans.

Finally, because we're also suffering from a deficit of trust, I am committed to restoring a sense of honesty and accountability to our budget. That is why this budget looks ahead 10 years and accounts for spending that was left out under the old rules and, for the first time, that includes the full cost of fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan.

For seven years, we've been a nation at war. No longer will we hide its price.

Along with our outstanding national security team, I am now carefully reviewing our policies in both wars, and I will soon announce a way forward in Iraq that leaves Iraq to its people and responsibly ends this war.

And with our friends and allies, we will forge a new and comprehensive strategy for Afghanistan and Pakistan to defeat al Qaeda and combat extremism, because I will not allow terrorists to plot against the American people from safe havens halfway around the world. We will not allow it.

As we meet here tonight, our men and women in uniform stand watch abroad and more are readying to deploy. To each and every one of them, and to the families who bear the quiet burden of their absence, Americans are united in sending one message: We honor your service; we are inspired by your sacrifice; and you have our unyielding support.

To relieve the strain on our forces, my budget increases the number of our soldiers and Marines. And to keep our sacred trust with those who serve, we will raise their pay and give our veterans the expanded health care and benefits that they have earned.

To overcome extremism, we must also be vigilant in upholding the values our troops defend, because there is no force in the world more powerful than the example of America. And that is why I have ordered the closing of the detention center at Guantanamo Bay and will seek swift and certain justice for captured terrorists, because living our values doesn't make us weaker. It makes us safer, and it makes us stronger.

And that is why I can stand here tonight and say without exception or equivocation that the United States of America does not torture. We can make that commitment here tonight.

In words and deeds, we are showing the world that a new era of engagement has begun, for we know that America cannot meet the threats of this century alone, but the world cannot meet them without America.

We cannot shun the negotiating table nor ignore the foes or forces that could do us harm. We are instead called to move forward with the sense of confidence and candor that serious times demand.

To seek progress towards a secure and lasting peace between Israel and her neighbors, we have appointed an envoy to sustain our effort. To meet the challenges of the 21st century -- from terrorism to nuclear proliferation, from pandemic disease to cyber threats to crushing poverty -- we will strengthen old alliances, forge new ones, and use all elements of our national power.

And to respond to an economic crisis that is global in scope, we are working with the nations of the G-20 to restore confidence in our financial system, avoid the possibility of escalating protectionism, and spur demand for American goods in markets across the globe, for the world depends on us having a strong economy, just as our economy depends on the strength of the world's.

As we stand at this crossroads of history, the eyes of all people in all nations are once again upon us, watching to see what we do with this moment, waiting for us to lead.

Those of us gathered here tonight have been called to govern in extraordinary times. It is a tremendous burden, but also a great privilege, one that has been entrusted to few generations of Americans, for in our hands lies the ability to shape our world, for good or for ill.

I know that it's easy to lose sight of this truth, to become cynical and doubtful, consumed with the petty and the trivial.

But in my life, I have also learned that hope is found in unlikely places, that inspiration often comes not from those with the most power or celebrity, but from the dreams and aspirations of ordinary Americans who are anything but ordinary.

I think of Leonard Abess, a bank president from Miami who reportedly cashed out of his company, took a $60 million bonus, and gave it out to all 399 people who worked for him, plus another 72 who used to work for him. He didn't tell anyone, but when the local newspaper found out, he simply said, "I knew some of these people since I was 7 years old. I didn't feel right getting the money myself."

I think about -- I think about Greensburg -- Greensburg, Kansas, a town that was completely destroyed by a tornado, but is being rebuilt by its residents as a global example of how clean energy can power an entire community, how it can bring jobs and businesses to a place where piles of bricks and rubble once lay.

"The tragedy was terrible," said one of the men who helped them rebuild. "But the folks here know that it also provided an incredible opportunity."

I think about Ty'Sheoma Bethea, the young girl from that school I visited in Dillon, South Carolina, a place where the ceilings leak, the paint peels off the walls, and they have to stop teaching six times a day because the train barrels by their classroom.

She had been told that her school is hopeless. But the other day after class, she went to the public library and typed up a letter to the people sitting in this chamber. She even asked her principal for the money to buy a stamp.

The letter asks us for help and says, "We are just students trying to become lawyers, doctors, congressmen like yourself, and one day president, so we can make a change to not just the state of South Carolina, but also the world. We are not quitters."

That's what she said: "We are not quitters."

These words and these stories tell us something about the spirit of the people who sent us here. They tell us that, even in the most trying times, amid the most difficult circumstances, there is a generosity, a resilience, a decency, and a determination that perseveres, a willingness to take responsibility for our future and for posterity.

Their resolve must be our inspiration. Their concerns must be our cause. And we must show them and all our people that we are equal to the task before us.

I know that we haven't agreed on every issue thus far.

There are surely times in the future where we will part ways. But I also know that every American who is sitting here tonight loves this country and wants it to succeed.

I know that.

That must be the starting point for every debate we have in the coming months and where we return after those debates are done. That is the foundation on which the American people expect us to build common ground.
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And if we do, if we come together and lift this nation from the depths of this crisis, if we put our people back to work and restart the engine of our prosperity, if we confront without fear the challenges of our time and summon that enduring spirit of an America that does not quit, then some day, years from now, our children can tell their children that this was the time when we performed, in the words that are carved into this very chamber, "something worthy to be remembered."

Thank you. God bless you. And may God bless the United States of America. Thank you...

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Re: ~~Juguemos Bilingüe~~

Serendipity is the effect by which one accidentally discovers something fortunate, especially while looking for something entirely unrelated.
The word has been voted as one of the ten English words that were hardest to translate in June 2004 by a British translation company.[1]
However, due to its sociological use, the word has been imported into many other languages (Portuguese serendipicidade or serendipidade; French sérendipicité or sérendipité but also heureux hasard, "fortunate chance"; Italian serendipità; Dutch serendipiteit; German Serendipität; Swedish, Danish and Norwegian serendipitet; Romanian serendipitate; Spanish serendipia).

* 1 Etymology
*
The word derives from Swarnadip, the Sanskrit language name for Sri Lanka,[2] and was coined by Horace Walpole on 28 January 1754 in a letter he wrote to his friend Horace Mann (not the same man as the famed American educator), an Englishman then living in Florence. The letter read,

"It was once when I read a silly fairy tale, called The Three Princes of Serendip: as their highnesses traveled, they were always making discoveries, by accidents and sagacity, of things which they were not in quest of: for instance, one of them discovered that a camel blind of the right eye had traveled the same road lately, because the grass was eaten only on the left side, where it was worse than on the right—now do you understand serendipity? One of the most remarkable instances of this accidental sagacity (for you must observe that no discovery of a thing you are looking for, comes under this description) was of my Lord Shaftsbury, who happening to dine at Lord Chancellor Clarendon's, found out the marriage of the Duke of York and Mrs. Hyde, by the respect with which her mother treated her at table."[3]

Role in science and technology

One aspect of Walpole's original definition of serendipity that is often missed in modern discussions of the word is the "sagacity" of being able to link together apparently innocuous facts to come to a valuable conclusion. Thus, while some scientists and inventors are reluctant about reporting accidental discoveries, others openly admit its role; in fact serendipity is a major component of scientific discoveries and inventions. According to M.K. Stoskopf[4] "it should be recognized that serendipitous discoveries are of significant value in the advancement of science and often present the foundation for important intellectual leaps of understanding".

Most authors who have studied scientific serendipity both in a historical, as well as in an epistemological point of view, agree that a prepared and open mind is required on the part of the scientist or inventor to detect the importance of information revealed accidentally. This is the reason why most of the related accidental discoveries occur in the field of specialization of the scientist. About this, Albert Hofmann, the Swiss chemist who discovered LSD properties by unintentionally ingesting it at his lab, wrote

It is true that my discovery of LSD was a chance discovery, but it was the outcome of planned experiments and these experiments took place in the framework of systematic pharmaceutical, chemical research. It could better be described as serendipity.

The French scientist Louis Pasteur also famously said: "In the fields of observation chance favors only the prepared mind."[5] This is often rendered as "Chance favors the prepared mind." William Shakespeare expressed the same sentiment 250 years earlier in act 4 of his play Henry V: "All things are ready if our minds be so."

History, of course, does not record accidental exposures of information which could have resulted in a new discovery, and we are justified in suspecting that they are many. There are several examples of this, however, and prejudice of preformed concepts are probably the largest obstacle. See for example [1] for a case where this happened (the rejection of an accidental discovery in the field of self-stimulation of the brain in humans).

Examples in science and technology

Economics

M. E. Graebner describes serendipitous value in the context of the acquisition of a business as "windfalls that were not anticipated by the buyer prior to the deal": i.e., unexpected advantages or benefits incurred due to positive synergy effects of the merger.[citation needed]

Chemistry

* Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (or LSD) by Albert Hofmann, who found this potent hallucinogen while trying to find medically useful derivatives in ergot, a fungus growing on wheat.
* Gelignite by Alfred Nobel, when he accidentally mixed collodium (gun cotton) with nitroglycerin
* Polymethylene by Hans von Pechmann, who prepared it by accident in 1898 while heating diazomethane
* Low density polyethylene by Eric Fawcett and Reginald Gibson at the ICI works in Northwich, England. It was the first industrially practical polyethylene synthesis and was discovered (again by accident) in 1933
* Silly Putty by James Wright, on the way to solving another problem: finding a rubber substitute for the United States during World War II.
* Chemical synthesis of urea, by Friedrich Woehler. He was attempting to produce ammonium cyanate by mixing potassium cyanate and ammonium chloride and got urea, the first organic chemical to be synthesised, often called the 'Last Nail' of the coffin of the Élan vital Theory
* Pittacal, the first synthetic dyestuff, by Carl Ludwig Reichenbach. The dark blue dye appeared on wooden posts painted with creosote to drive away dogs who urinated on them.
* Mauve, the first aniline dye, by William Henry Perkin. At the age of 18, he was attempting to create artificial quinine. An unexpected residue caught his eye, which turned out to be the first aniline dye—specifically, mauveine, sometimes called aniline purple.
* Racemization, by Louis Pasteur. While investigating the properties of sodium ammonium tartrate he was able to separate for the first time the two optical isomers of the salt. His luck was twofold: it is the only racemate salt to have this property, and the room temperature that day was slightly below the point of separation.
* Teflon, by Roy J. Plunkett, who was trying to develop a new gas for refrigeration and got a slick substance instead, which was used first for lubrication of machine parts
* Cyanoacrylate-based Superglue (a.k.a. Krazy Glue) was accidentally twice discovered by Dr. Harry Coover, first when he was developing a clear plastic for gunsights and later, when he was trying to develop a heat-resistant polymer for jet canopies.
* Scotchgard moisture repellant, used to protect fabrics and leather, was discovered accidentally in 1953 by Patsy Sherman. One of the compounds she was investigating as a rubber material that wouldn't deteriorate when in contact with aircraft fuel spilled onto a tennis shoe and would not wash out; she then considered the spill as a protectant against spills.
* Cellophane, a thin, transparent sheet made of regenerated cellulose, was developed in 1908 by Swiss chemist Jacques Brandenberger, as a material for covering stain-proof tablecloth.
* The chemical element helium. British chemist William Ramsay isolated helium while looking for argon but, after separating nitrogen and oxygen from the gas liberated by sulfuric acid, noticed a bright-yellow spectral line that matched the D3 line observed in the spectrum of the Sun.
* The chemical element Iodine was discovered by Bernard Courtois in 1811, when he was trying to remove residues with strong acid from the bottom of his saltpeter production plant which used seaweed ashes as a prime material.
* Polycarbonates, a kind of clear hard plastic
* The synthetic polymer celluloid was discovered by British chemist and metallurgist Alexander Parkes in 1856, after observing that a solid residue remained after evaporation of the solvent from photographic collodion. Celluloid can be described as the first plastic used for making solid ~~~~~~s (the first ones being billiard balls, substituting for expensive ivory).
* Rayon, the first synthetic silk, was discovered by French chemist Hilaire de Chardonnet, an assistant to Louis Pasteur. He spilled a bottle of collodion and found later that he could draw thin strands from the evaporated viscous liquid.
* The possibility of synthesizing indigo, a natural dye extracted from a plant with the same name, was discovered by a chemist named Sapper who was heating coal tar when he accidentally broke a thermometer whose mercury content acted as a catalyst to produce phthalic anhydride, which could readily be converted into indigo.
* The dye monastral blue was discovered in 1928 in Scotland, when chemist A.G. Dandridge heated a mixture of chemicals at high temperature in a sealed iron container. The iron of the container reacted with the mixture, producing some pigments called phthalocyanines. By substituting copper for iron he produced an even better pigment called 'monastral blue', which became the basis for many new coloring materials for paints, lacquers and printing inks.
* Acesulfame, an artificial sweetener, was discovered accidentally in 1967 by Karl Claus at Hoechst AG.
* Another sweetener, cyclamate, was discovered by US chemist Michael Sveda, when he smoked a cigarette accidentally contaminated with a compound he had recently synthesized.
* Aspartame (NutraSweet) was accidentally ingested by G.D. Searle chemist James Schlatter, who was trying to develop a test for an anti-ulcer drug.
* Saccharin was accidentally discovered during research on coal tar derivatives.
* Saran (plastic) was discovered when Ralph Wiley had trouble washing beakers used in development of a dry cleaning product. It was soon used to make plastic wrap.

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Serendipia:algo + que la casualidad,la coincidencia o el accidente

Una serendipia es un descubrimiento científico afortunado e inesperado que se ha realizado accidentalmente. Se puede denominar así también a la casualidad, coincidencia o accidente.

En la historia de la ciencia son frecuentes las serendipias. Por ejemplo, Albert Einstein reconoce esta cualidad en algunos de sus hallazgos.
También existen casos de serendipias en obras literarias, cuando un autor escribe sobre algo que ha imaginado y que no se conoce en su época, y se demuestra posteriormente que eso existe tal como lo definió el escritor, con muchos de los mismos detalles. No se debe confundir con la anticipación o la ciencia-ficción, donde se adelantan inventos mucho más genéricos que casi todo el mundo cree que probablemente existirán algún día.

* 1 Etimología e historia
* 2 El término serendipia deriva del inglés serendipity, neologismo acuñado por Horace Walpole en 1754 a partir de un cuento persa del siglo XVIII llamado «Los tres príncipes de Serendip», en el que los protagonistas, unos príncipes de la isla Serendip (que era el nombre árabe de la isla de Ceilán, la actual Sri Lanka), solucionaban sus problemas a través de increíbles casualidades.

La palabra serendipia se usó mucho en sus orígenes, pero fue cayendo en desuso. Ha sido rescatada recientemente gracias al renovado interés en este tipo de asuntos y a otros motivos culturales (hay una película del año 2001 dirigida por Peter Chelsom y protagonizada por John Cusack y Kate Beckinsale).

El término chiripa, mucho más utilizado en lenguaje coloquial, podría considerarse también como un sinónimo de serendipia, si bien se tiene como un modismo de uso no general en el mundo hispanoparlante, se usa con una connotación más bien festiva y se refiere comúnmente a casualidades o eventos fortuitos en la vida cotidiana, incluso a hechos intrascendentes.

También se habla a veces de las seudoserendipias, en las cuales el investigador, tras haber investigado mucho sobre algo sin obtener resultados, consigue finalmente su objetivo, pero a causa de un accidente fortuito o una revelación. Esto suele suceder en los episodios de la serie de televisión House M.D., dónde Gregory House acaba resolviendo muchos de los casos por una revelación después de mucho investigar.

Casos famosos

Ejemplos de serendipias en ciencia y tecnología

* Si bien existen varias teorías acerca del origen del dulce de leche, la más popular y ampliamente difundida es que fue producto del olvido de una criada, al dejar en el fuego la leche con azúcar (preparación conocida en esa época como "lechada").

* Según Umberto Eco, el mismo Descubrimiento de América (la "genialidad" de Colón) sería una serendipia.

* A mediados del siglo XIX, se intentó buscar un material para sustituir el marfil de las bolas de billar. En 1870, John Wesley Hyatt, un inventor de Nueva Jersey, estaba prensando una mezcla de serrín y papel con cola, porque creía que así conseguiría el nuevo material. Pero se cortó un dedo, y fue a su botiquín. Sin querer, volcó un frasco de colodión (nitrato de celulosa disuelto en éter y alcohol). Esto provocó que quedara en su estantería una capa de nitrocelulosa. Al verla, Hyatt se dio cuenta de que este compuesto uniría mejor su mezcla de serrín y papel, en lugar de la cola. De este modo se inventó el celuloide.

* En 1922, Alexander Fleming estaba analizando un cultivo de bacterias, cuando derramó accidentalmente una lágrima sobre el plato que lo contenía. Al día siguiente descubrió que donde había caído la lágrima había un hueco, lo cual le hizo sospechar que las lágrimas pudiesen tener alguna propiedad, y de hecho consiguió extraer una enzima que eliminaba las bacterias sin dañar el tejido humano. Había descubierto sin querer la lisozima, un antibiótico que mataba bacterias, pero no a los glóbulos blancos (que es lo que hacía el fenol usado hasta esa época).

* Friedrich Kekulé, químico, llevaba mucho tiempo intentando encontrar la huidiza estructura de la molécula de benceno. Simplemente, no se conocía una estructura de seis carbonos que tuviera las propiedades químicas que exhibía. Según cuenta él mismo en sus memorias, una tarde, mientras volvía a casa en autobús, se quedó dormido. Comenzó a soñar con átomos que danzaban y chocaban entre ellos. Varios átomos se unieron, formando una serpiente que hacía eses. De repente, la serpiente se mordió la cola y Kekulé despertó. A nadie se le había ocurrido hasta ese momento que pudiera tratarse de un compuesto cíclico.

* Las famosísimas notas Post-it surgieron tras un olvido de un operario, que no añadió un componente de un pegamento en la fábrica de 3M. Toda la partida de pegamento se apartó y guardó, pues era demasiado valioso como para tirarlo aunque apenas tenía poder adhesivo. Uno de los ingenieros de la empresa, hombre devoto, estaba harto de meter papelitos en su libro de salmos para marcar las canciones cuando iba a la iglesia. Los papelitos no hacían más que caerse. Pensó que sería ideal tener hojas con un poco de pegamento que no fuera demasiado fuerte y que resistiera ser pegado y despegado muchas veces. La vieja partida de pegamento malogrado acudió a su mente. Habían nacido las notas Post-it.

* Niels Bohr llevaba mucho tiempo trabajando en la configuración del átomo. Tuvo un sueño en el cual vio un posible modelo de dicha configuración, y al despertar, lo dibujó en un papel, sin darle mucha importancia. Poco tiempo después, volvió a ese papel y se dio cuenta de que realmente había hallado la estructura del átomo.

* El Principio de Arquímedes fue descubierto al introducirse en una bañera y observar cómo su cuerpo desplazaba una masa de agua equivalente al volumen sumergido. Salió desnudo a la calle gritando la famosa palabra: ¡eureka!.

* El Dr Albert Hofmann descubrió accidentalmente una de las drogas alucinógenas más poderosas, el LSD (ácido lisérgico dietilamida). Según relata en su libro "My Problem Child", en el curso de su investigación sobre los derivados del ácido lisérgico obtuvo el LSD-25, el cual se demostró como poco interesante desde el punto de vista farmacológico, por lo que se dejó de investigar sobre él. Sólo cinco años más tarde, y debido a que, sin motivo aparente, no podía olvidarse de aquella sustancia, volvió a sintetizarla para una ulterior investigación, lo que era muy excepcional al haber sido ya inicialmente descartada. Cuando procedía a su cristalización se sintió afectado por una mezcla de excitación y mareo, viéndose forzado a abandonar el trabajo en el laboratorio. Presumiblemente, a pesar de sus precauciones, una mínima cantidad de LSD tocó la punta de sus dedos y fue absorbida por su piel. Ya en su casa, despierto, pero en un estado de ensoñación, percibió una serie interminable de fantásticas imágenes con intensos y caleidoscópicos juegos de formas y colores, que no se desvaneció hasta pasadas unas dos horas.

* Politetrafluoretileno (O más conocido por su nombre comercial Teflón ®). Fue en 1938, mientras el Dr Roy J. Plunkett trabajaba en el desarrollo de sustancias refrigerantes y debido a un mal funcionamiento durante sus experimentos realizó el hallazgo.

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Re: Palabras encadenadas en ingles.

Am that I Am (Hebrew: אהיה אשר אהיה, pronounced Ehyeh asher ehyeh [ʔehˈje ʔaˈʃer ʔehˈje]) is a common English translation (King James Bible and others) of the response God used in the Bible when Moses asked for His name (Exodus 3:14). It is one of the most famous verses in the Torah.[citation needed] Hayah means "existed" or "was" in Hebrew; "ehyeh" is the first person singular imperfect form. Ehyeh asher ehyeh is generally interpreted to mean I am that I am, though it more literally translates as "I-shall-be that I-shall-be."

The word Ehyeh is used a total of 43 places in the Old Testament, where it is usually translated as "I will be" -- as is the case for its first occurrence, in Exodus 3:14—or "I shall be," as is the case for its final occurrence in Zechariah 8. It stems from the Hebrew conception of monotheism that God exists by himself, the uncreated Creator who does not depend on anything or anyone; therefore I am who I am. Some scholars state the Tetragrammaton itself derives from the same verbal root, but others counter that it may simply sound similar as intended by God, such as Psalm 119 and the Hebrew words "shoqed" (watching) and "shaqed" (almond branch) found in Jeremiah 1:11-12.

* 1 Roman Catholic Church interpretation
* The Roman Catholic Church's interpretation has been summarized in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The interpretation is found in numbers 203-213.

Some of the salient points are the following:

203
God revealed himself to his people Israel by making his name known to them. A name expresses a person's essence and identity and the meaning of this person's life. God has a name; he is not an anonymous force. To disclose one's name is to make oneself known to others; in a way it is to hand oneself over by becoming accessible, capable of being known more intimately and addressed personally.

206
In revealing his mysterious name, YHWH ("I AM HE WHO IS", "I AM WHO AM" or "I AM WHAT I AM"), God says who he is and by what name he is to be called. This divine name is mysterious just as God is mystery. It is at once a name revealed and something like the refusal of a name, and hence it better expresses God as what he is - infinitely above everything that we can understand or say: he is the "hidden God", his name is ineffable, and he is the God who makes himself close to men.

207
God, who reveals his name as "I AM", reveals himself as the God who is always there, present to his people in order to save them.

210
After Israel's sin, when the people had turned away from God to worship the golden calf, God hears Moses' prayer of intercession and agrees to walk in the midst of an unfaithful people, thus demonstrating his love. When Moses asks to see his glory, God responds "I will make all my goodness pass before you, and will proclaim before you my name 'the LORD' [YHWH]." Then the LORD passes before Moses and proclaims, "YHWH, YHWH, a God merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness"; Moses then confesses that the LORD is a forgiving God.

211
The divine name, "I Am" or "He Is", expresses God's faithfulness: despite the faithlessness of men's sin and the punishment it deserves, he keeps "steadfast love for thousands"... By giving his life to free us from sin, Jesus reveals that he himself bears the divine name: "When you have lifted up the Son of man, then you will realize that "I AM"."

212
In God "there is no variation or shadow due to change."

213
The revelation of the ineffable name "I AM WHO AM" contains then the truth that God alone IS. The Greek Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, and following it the Church's tradition, understood the divine name in this sense: God is the fullness of Being and of every perfection, without origin and without end. All creatures receive all that they are and have from him; but he alone is his very being, and he is of himself everything that he is.

Kabbalist interpretation

Kabbalists have long deemed that the Torah contains esoteric information. The response given by God is considered significant by many Kabbalists, because it is seen as proof in the divine nature of God's name, a central idea in Kabbalah (and to a lesser degree Judaism in general).

Other views

Some religious groups believe that this phrase or at least the "I am" part of the phrase is an actual name of God, or to lesser degree the sole name of God. It can be found in many lists where other common names of God are shown.

In the Hindu Advaita Vedanta, the South Indian sage Ramana Maharshi mentions that of all the definitions of God, "none is indeed so well put as the biblical statement “I am that I am”". He maintained that although Hindu scripture contains similar statements, the Mahavakyas, these are not as direct as Jehovah. [1] Further the "I am" is explained by Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj as an abstraction in the mind of the Stateless State, of the Absolute, or the Supreme Reality, called Parabrahman. It is pure awareness, prior to thoughts, free from perceptions, associations, memories.

To New Age author Eckhart Tolle, God is and God is omnipresent, in everyone and everything. A name, like all words, is just an abstract label, a "sign post" that points to a meaning: God is presence. God is real. "And what is God's self-definition in the Bible? Did God say, "I have always been, and I always will be?" Of course not. That would have given reality to past and future. God said: "I AM THAT I AM." No time here, just presence."[2]

In popular culture

* In the 1999 Kevin Smith satire Dogma, a group of characters have been ordered by angels on a mission from God to meet with Cardinal Glick (George Carlin) to stop him from opening his church the following day, or else demonic forces will destroy the world. They are accompanied by the “lost 13th apostle” Rufus (Chris Rock) who has descended back to the mortal plane to help them. When they finally get to sit down in Cardinal Glick’s office, they find it hard to explain their ludicrous-but-true mission to him, and fumble around with an explanation for why they have come. Ultimately, Rufus leaps to his feet and dramatically declares “We were sent by Him who is called I Am!!” Glick is instantly dismissive and thinks they’re joking, causing Rufus to turn back to his companions and make the deadpan remark “It worked for Moses…”
* In the cartoon Popeye, The character of Popeye often uses a variation of this phrase "I am what I am."

[edit] References

1. ^ Talks with Ramana Maharshi, Talk 106, 29th November, 1935
2. ^ Tolle, Eckhart. The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment. Novato, CA: New World Library, 2004. ISBN 1-57731-152-3

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Re: Los pegostes de Cronos

Dios, ¿porqué sigo haciendo click en este tema? ¬¬

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Nuevo 'Gran yacimiento'en aguas del Golfo de Mx. descubierto por la BP!

Gran' descubrimiento en aguas del Golfo de México anunció petrolera BP

* British Petroleum, la segunda petrolera más grande de Europa, dijo que el pozo Tiber en el Golfo de México podría contener más de 3.000 millones de barriles; eso hizo subir el precio de sus acciones.

El yacimiento está ubicado en el bloque 102 del cañón Keathley, unas 250 millas (400 kilómetros) al sureste de Houston, declaró ayer la empresa londinense en una declaración.

El pozo Tiber fue perforado a una profundidad total de aproximadamente 35.055 pies (10.685 metros), más que la altura del Monte Everest.

El descubrimiento más reciente ayudará a BP, que ya es el mayor productor del Golfo de México, a aumentar su producción en la región un 50 por ciento a 600.000 barriles de equivalente de petróleo al día a partir de 2020.

También mitigará temores sobre la renuencia de BP a invertir mucho en proyectos no convencionales, como las arenas bituminosas en Canadá, para recomponer sus reservas al tiempo que los yacimientos maduros envejecen.

"Desarrollarlo tomará un tiempo, la segunda mitad de la próxima década, pero es muy importante", dijo Jonathan Rigby, analista de UBS AG, en una entrevista telefónica...

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Re: BURLAS, INSULTOS , Y GOLPES BAJOS DEL PRESIDENTE PATITO reeleccion en 2012 ? ja

La culpa de todo la tiene la VIRGEN de GUADALUPE,que inspira a sus 'fans'

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Re: La felicidad es un estado del ánimo

Ingerir una pequeña dosis de ETANOL potable fomenta la FELICIDAD!!!

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Re: ~~Juguemos Bilingüe~~

U wait and see!

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De la mejor pintura del mundo:Expo en Bellas Artes de 40 0leos del GRECO!

Bellas Artes recibe exposición del artista que salió de España "por primera y última vez"
Redescubren a El Greco y reivindican su "excepcional evolución" estética

Cuarenta obras proceden de recintos del país ibérico y tres son propiedad del Museo Soumaya

Obras de El Greco pertenecientes al conjunto del Apostolado, procedentes del museo del artista en Toledo, España, para mostrarse en Bellas Artes..

La exposición 'Domenikos Theotokopoulos, 1900: El Greco, que sale "por primera y última vez de España", incluye 43 cuadros del pintor nacido en Grecia y radicado en Toledo. Será inaugurada hoy jueves en el Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes.

Las obras, de las cuales 40 proceden de diferentes recintos españoles y tres fueron prestadas por el Museo Soumaya, se podrán observar desde la penumbra.

La muestra fue posible porque en 2006 cerró sus puertas el Museo de El Greco en Toledo, fundado en 1910, para una restauración integral.

Después del Palacio de Bellas Artes la obra regresará a España. Sobresale el conjunto de pinturas conocidas como Apostolado, procedente del museo de Toledo, el óleo Las lágrimas de San Pedro y La Verónica.

Colores alucinantes

El título de la exhibición se refiere al olvido en que permanecía El Greco (1541-1614). Inclusive fue "despreciado por excéntrico, porque no se ajustaba a las normas que calificaban una auténtica obra de arte", expresó Charo Ortegui Pascual, presidenta de la Sociedad Estatal para la Acción Cultural Exterior de España.

Sin embargo, en 1900 intelectuales españoles empezaron a reivindicar su figura como un artista que anticipaba las vanguardias. En esos años se produjo el redescubrimiento de El Greco y adquiere relevancia "no sólo como un pintor cretense, pero que desarrolla la mayoría de su obra en España, sino como un pintor universal", dijo Ortegui Pascual.

Ana Carmen Lavín, curadora de Domenikos... junto con José Redondo, explicó en rueda de prensa ayer encabezada por Teresa Vicencio, titular del Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, que ésta es la primera vez que la obra de El Greco se presenta en América Latina: "Ni siquiera durante la Guerra Civil Española las obras abandonaron el museo en Toledo. Se almacenaron en los sótanos y se les pusieron sacos terreros encima".

La muestra se divide en cinco secciones y también comprende obra realizada por su taller, así como de artistas relacionadas con la creación del Museo de El Greco, como Sorolla, Sánchez Coello, Tristán y Martínez del Mazo.

Según José Redondo, al venir a México se modificó el argumento de la muestra para articularse alrededor de dos hilos: el redescubrimiento de la figura de El Greco como "un genio más de la historia de la pintura", y la presentación de su desarrollo artístico, por primera vez, en esta parte del mundo.

Nacido en Candía, Creta, primero pintó iconos, sin perspectiva ni volumetría, de los que sólo se conserva uno que no se incluye en la exposición. Para Redondo El Greco representa una de las evoluciones artísticas más excepcionales en la historia del arte.

A los 26 años, El Greco se marchó a Italia, primero a Venecia –Creta era una colonia de la República de Venecia– y después a Roma. En la primera ciudad empezó a pintar como los venecianos. Lavín anotó que Teotokopoulos resulta un pintor "difícil de ver, de iluminar, porque todos tenemos una idea preconcebida de un Greco oscuro, triste, místico, en la línea de Santa Teresa, San Juan de la Cruz. Sin embargo, es todo lo contrario: un pintor veneciano que maneja unos colores alucinantes. El verdadero descubrimiento de la exposición es ese Greco de la luz y el color".

Respecto del costo de la exposición no se manejaron cifras; sin embargo, la titular del INBA dijo esperar 200 mil visitantes...

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Re: ¿Qué lugar del mundo es?

London,England...