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German philosophy, here taken to mean either (1) philosophy in the German language or (2) philosophy by Germans, has been extremely diverse, and central to both the analytic and continental traditions in philosophy for centuries, from Leibniz through Kant, Hegel, Marx, Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche, Wittgenstein, to contemporary philosophers. Although a Danish philosopher, Søren Kierkegaard is frequently included in surveys of German (or Germanic) philosophy due to his extensive engagement with German thinkers.[1][2][3][4]
* 1 History
o 1.1 18th century
+ 1.1.1 Kant
o 1.2 19th century
+ 1.2.1 German Idealism
+ 1.2.2 Karl Marx and the Young Hegelians
+ 1.2.3 Friedrich Nietzsche
o 1.3 20th century
+ 1.3.1 The Vienna Circle, Frege and Wittgenstein
+ 1.3.2 Phenomenology
+ 1.3.3 The Frankfurt School
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 External links
History
18th century
Immanuel Kant
Kant
In the 18th century, Immanuel Kant published his Critique of Pure Reason, in which he attempted to determine what we can and cannot know through the use of reason independent of all experience. Briefly, he came to the conclusion that we could come to know an external world through experience, but that what we could know about it was limited by the limited terms in which the mind can think: if we can only comprehend things in terms of cause and effect, then we can only know causes and effects. It follows from this that we can know the form of all possible experience independent of all experience, but nothing else, but we can never know the world from the “standpoint of nowhere” and therefore we can never know the world in its entirety, neither via reason nor experience.
Since the publication of his Critique, Immanuel Kant has been considered one of the greatest influences in all of western philosophy. In the late 18th and early 19th century, one direct line of influence from Kant is German Idealism.
19th century
German Idealism
Hegel
The German Idealists believed there were problems with Kant’s system and sought to place it on firmer grounds. They were also greatly concerned with the problem of freewill as understood through Kantianism: practical reason presupposes a freewill, and yet according to theoretical reason, everything is predetermined in a complete system of causality. Therefore either everything in possible experience isn’t predetermined, which contradicts the universality of pure reason, or the freewill is outside the system of causality and can have no effect on it, rendering the will useless.
The three most prominent German Idealists were Fichte, Schelling and Hegel. On some interpretations, Hegel did away with Kantianism altogether to achieve absolute knowledge, while others read him as working within the confines of Kantianism. Either way, he came to replace Kant as the dominant influence in German Philosophy for the rest of the 19th century, and his method of dialectics has become a commonplace means of reasoning in continental philosophy.
Karl Marx and the Young Hegelians
Among those influenced by Hegel was a group of young radicals called the Young Hegelians of the 19th century, who were unpopular because of their radical views on religion and society. They included Ludwig Feuerbach, Bruno Bauer and Max Stirner among their ranks.
Karl Marx often attended the groups meetings. He developed an interest in Hegelianism, French socialism and British Economic Theory. He transformed the three into an essential work of economics called Das Kapital, which consisted of a critical economic examination of capitalism. Marxism has had a massive affect on the world as a whole.
Friedrich Nietzsche
In the mid 19th century, Friedrich Nietzsche was a proponent of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. However, he soon came to disavowal his pessimistic outlook on life and sought to provide a positive philosophy. He believed this task to be urgent, as he believed a form of nihilism caused by modernity was spreading across Europe, which he summed up in the phrase "God is dead". His problem, then, was how to live a positive life considering the fact that if you believe in God, you give into nihilism, and if you don't believe in God, you also give in to nihilism. He believed he found his solution in the concepts of the Overman and Eternal Return. His work continues to have a major influence on both philosophers and artists.
20th century
The Vienna Circle, Frege and Wittgenstein
In the early part of the 20th century, a young group of German Philosophers formed the Vienna Circle to promote scientific thought over Hegelian system-building, which they saw as a bad influence on intellectual thought. The group was the beginning of analytic philosophy. They considered themselves logical positivists because they believed all knowledge is either derived through experience or arrived at through analytic statements, and they adopted the predicate logic of Gottlob Frege, which overthrew Aristotelian logic (the dominant logic since its inception in Ancient Greece), and the early work of Wittgenstein as foundations to their work. Wittgenstein did not agree with their interpretation of his philosophy.
Phenomenology
Phenomenology began in the early 20th century with the descriptive psychology of Franz Brentano, and then the transcendental phenomenology of Edmund Husserl. It was then transformed by Martin Heidegger, who, along with Ludwig Wittgenstein, is considered one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century. Phenomenology has had a large influence on Continental Philosophy, particularly existentialism and poststructuralism.
The Frankfurt School
After World War II, a group of Marxists who broke radically from Marxist Orthodoxy formed the Frankfurt School also profoundly influenced by Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis and Weberian philosophy. Books from the group, like Adorno’s and Horkheimer’s “Dialectics of Enlightenment” and Adorno’s “Negative Dialectics”, critiqued what they saw as the failure of the Enlightenment project and the problems of modernity. They are generally considered to be the beginning of, or at least precursors to, postmodern thought in continental philosophy.
See also
* List of German-language philosophers
* Continental philosophy
* Critical theory
* German culture
* German idealism
* German romanticism
* German literature
* History of philosophy
* List of Austrian intellectual traditions
* Logical empiricism
* Modern philosophy
* Phenomenology
* Postmodernism
* Prussian virtues
* Vienna Circle
References
1. ^ Lowith, Karl. From Hegel to Nietzsche, 1991, p. 370-375.
2. ^ Pinkard, Terry P. German philosophy, 1760-1860: the legacy of idealism, 2002, ch. 13.
3. ^ Stewart, Jon B. Kierkegaard and his German contemporaries, 2007
4. ^ Kenny, Anthony. Oxford Illustrated History of Western Philosophy, 2001, p.220-224.
Security is the degree of protection against danger, loss, and criminals.
Security has to be compared and contrasted with other related concepts: Safety, continuity, reliability. The key difference between security and reliability is that security must take into account the actions of people attempting to cause destruction.
* Definitions
The word security is derived from the Latin "Se-Cura" and literally translates to "without fear". 'Security' is therefore the state of being secure, or the actions employed to achieve that state, i.e. to be secure is to be without fear of harm.
The definition of security provided by the Institute for Security and Open Methodologies (ISECOM) in the OSSTMM 3 is geared towards operations and how we interact with security. It states security is:
* A form of protection where a separation is created between the assets and the threat. This includes but is not limited to the elimination of either the asset or the threat. In order to be secure, either the asset is physically removed from the threat or the threat is physically removed from the asset.[1]
The definition given in a UN study, in 1986, is interesting as a contribution to the understanding of the concept of security, “Security is a state at which countries think that there is no danger of military attack, political pressure, or economic coercion, so that they can develop and progress freely.
* With respect to classified matter, the condition that prevents unauthorized persons from having access to official information that is safeguarded in the interests of national security.
* Measures taken by a military unit, an activity or installation to protect itself against all acts designed to, or which may, impair its effectiveness.
Perceived security compared to real security
It is very often true that people's perception of security is not directly related to actual security.
This article may contain original research or unverified claims. Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (May 2009)
For example, a fear of earthquakes is much more common than a fear of slipping on the bathroom floor; however, the latter kills far more people than the former.[2]
The tool may be mistaken for the effect, for example when multiple computer security programs interfere with each other, the user assumes the computer is secure when actual security has vanished.
Another side of this is a phenomenon called security theatre where ineffective security measures such as screening of airline passengers based on static databases are introduced with little real increase in security or even, according to the critics of one such measure - Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System - with an actual decrease in real security.
Conversely, if it is perceived that there is security then there will be an increase in actual security, even if the perception of security is mistaken. Sometimes a sign may warn that video surveillance is covering an area, and even if there is no actual visual surveillance then some malicious agents will be deterred by the belief that there may be.
Also, often when there is actual security present in the area, such as video surveillance, an alarm system in a home, or an anti-theft system in a car such as a LoJack, signs advertising this security will increase its effectiveness, protecting the value of the secured vehicle or area itself.
Since some intruders will decide not to attempt to break into such areas or vehicles, there can actually be less damage to windows in addition to protection of valuable ~~~~~~s inside. Without such advertisement, a car-thief might, for example, approach a car, break the window, and then flee in response to an alarm being triggered. Either way, perhaps the car itself and the ~~~~~~s inside aren't stolen, but with perceived security even the windows of the car have a lower chance of being damaged, increasing the financial security of its owner(s).
However, the non-profit, security research group, ISECOM, has determined that such signs may actually increase the violence, daring, and desperation of an intruder [3] This claim shows that perceived security works mostly on the provider and is not security at all [4].
It is important, however, for signs advertising security not to give clues as to how to subvert that security, for example in the case where a home burglar might be more likely to break into a certain home if he or she is able to learn beforehand which company makes its security system.
Categorising security
There is an immense literature on the analysis and categorisation of security. Part of the reason for this is that, in most security systems, the "weakest link in the chain" is the most important. The situation is asymmetric since the defender must cover all points of attack while the attacker need only identify a single weak point upon which to concentrate.
Types
IT realm
* Application security
* Computing security
* Data security
* Information security
* Network security
Physical realm
* Airport security
* Port security/Supply chain security
* Food security
* Home security
* Hospital security
* Physical security
* Shopping centre security
* Infrastructure security
Political
* Homeland security
* Human security
* International security
* National security
* Public security
Monetary
* Financial security
* Aviation security is a combination of measures and material and human resources intended to counter the unlawful interference with the aviation security.
* Operations Security (OPSEC) is a compliment to other "traditional" security measures that evaluates the organization from an adversarial perspective.[5].
Security concepts
Certain concepts recur throughout different fields of security:
* Assurance - assurance is the level of guarantee that a security system will behave as expected
* Countermeasure - a countermeasure is a way to stop a threat from triggering a risk event
* Defense in depth - never rely on one single security measure alone
* Exploit - a vulnerability that has been triggered by a threat - a risk of 1.0 (100%)
* Risk - a risk is a possible event which could cause a loss
* Threat - a threat is a method of triggering a risk event that is dangerous
* Vulnerability - a weakness in a target that can potentially be exploited by a threat
Security management in organizations
In the corporate world, various aspects of security were historically addressed separately - notably by distinct and often noncommunicating departments for IT security, physical security, and fraud prevention. Today there is a greater recognition of the interconnected nature of security requirements, an approach variously known as holistic security, "all hazards" management, and other terms.
Inciting factors in the convergence of security disciplines include the development of digital video surveillance technologies (see Professional video over IP) and the digitization and networking of physical control systems (see SCADA)[6][7]. Greater interdisciplinary cooperation is further evidenced by the February 2005 creation of the Alliance for Enterprise Security Risk Management, a joint venture including leading associations in security (ASIS), information security (ISSA, the Information Systems Security Association), and IT audit (ISACA, the Information Systems Audit and Control Association)[8].
¿ es licita la guerra o es simplemente'medida de seguridad'?
Definiciones de Seguridad en la web:
* El término seguridad proviene de la palabra securitas del latín. Cotidianamente se puede referir a la seguridad como la ausencia de riesgo o también a la confianza en algo o alguien. Sin embargo, el término puede tomar diversos sentidos según el área o campo a la que haga referencia.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguridad_(concepto)
* El término seguridad puede referirse: * en información o informática a: ** un agujero de seguridad; ** la copia de seguridad; ** la seguridad de la información; ** la seguridad en Internet; ** la seguridad informática; ** la seguridad lógica; ** la seguridad por oscuridad;
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguridad
* Ausencia de peligro; Una condición natural que busca todo ser viviente, organización o colectividad para poder existir, desarrollarse y cumplir ...
es.wiktionary.org/wiki/seguridad
* Bayer usa precauciones de seguridad técnicas y de organización a fin de proteger sus datos de manipulación, pérdida, destrucción o acceso por personas no autorizadas. ... www.bayercropscience.cl/legal.asp
* Es una de las características que definen una inversión junto con la rentabilidad y la liquidez y significa en términos financieros que una inversión tiene poco o ningún riesgo. http://www.franklintempleton.com.es/...glossary_s.jsp
* La empresa mantiene los niveles de seguridad de protección de tus datos conforme al Real Decreto 994/1999, de 11 de Junio, relativo a las medidas de seguridad de los ficheros automatizados que contengan datos de carácter personal y ha establecido todos los medios técnicos a su alcance para ... www.nuevaforma.es/legal.html
* Medidas de resguardos contra el acceso no autorizado a los datos. Los programas y datos se pueden asegurar entregando números de identificación ... www.unmsm.edu.pe/ogp/ARCHIVOS/Glosario/inds.htm
* [security]: medios para protegerse contra el uso no autorizado y para prevenir el acceso no autorizado a la información digital. ... www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php
* Tecosoft.Net, cuida mucho mantener la seguridad de la información personal relativa a usted y cuida mucho evitar el acceso no autorizado a la misma, para lo cual utiliza tecnologías apropiadas y diversos procedimientos internos. ...
tecosoft.net/politicadeprivacidad.php
* La seguridad es una preocupación cuando se compra a través de Internet y por ello, cada operación que el Usuario realice por intermedio de Secure ePayments estará protegida con la mejor tecnología disponible. ... https://www.epayments.hsbc.com.ar/TermsConditions.aspx
* 2) Debido a la naturaleza insegura de gran parte del Internet global, Infraestructura Digital sugiere que los números de tarjeta de crédito u otra información personal nunca sea enviada a través de correo electrónico u otro servicio de internet, a menos que se use la encriptación adecuada. ... www.ibizargentina.com/contratohosting.doc
* en establecimientos destinados principalmente a unidades o cuarteles de instituciones encargadas de la seguridad pública, tales como unidades policiales y cuarteles de bomberos, o destinados a cárceles y centros de detención, entre otros.
El HURACAN JIMENA y su impactoaro en refineria PEMEX de Oaxaca
Fuertes lluvias generadas por el huracan'Jimena'obligaron a suspender actividades en las 26 plantas, según funcionarios
Paro en refinería de Oaxaca; falló la red de energía
La refinería Ingeniero Antonio Dovalí Jaime, ubicada en Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, dejó de operar desde la noche del viernes debido a una falla en la red de la Comisión Federal de ElectricidadFoto Hiram Moreno
Salina Cruz, Oax., 29 de agosto. Las 26 plantas de proceso de la refinería Ingeniero Antonio Dovalí Jaime, que a diario producen 260 mil barriles de productos derivados del petróleo, salieron de operación la noche del viernes debido a una falla en la red de energía eléctrica de la Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE), informó Federico González Valdivieso, vocero de la empresa paraestatal.
Agregó que las fuertes lluvias ocasionadas por la tormenta tropical Jimena, frente al golfo de Tehuantepec, ocasionaron fallas en la red de la CFE y al disminuir la energía bajó la producción de la refinadora hasta el paro total.
Este sábado se integró un comité de personal especializado de Petróleos Mexicanos (Pemex) que revisa que no haya daños en los equipos para reiniciar la producción de los 41 millones 340 mil litros de gasolinas, diesel y turbosina que se producen al día en estas instalaciones.
La mañana de hoy la caldera CB-5, principal generadora de energía eléctrica para la refinería, aún sacaba una gran cantidad de humo negro, pero el vocero aseguró que no pone en riesgo la seguridad de las instalaciones, de los trabajadores o de la población.
Guillermo Valdivieso Hernández, agente municipal de Bahía La Ventosa, denunció que el hollín que produjo la falta de operación de la refinería en esa comunidad de pescadores contaminó la laguna, manchó casas, plantas, vehículos y ropa, lo quer fue confirmado por Jesús González Pérez y Federico Roger, delegado regional y director municipal de Protección Civil.
Otro percance ocurrió cuando un autotanque de Pemex con 22 mil 254 galones de ácido fluorhídrico descarriló a un kilómetros de la refinería Antonio Dovali, por lo que trabajadores de la empresa realizaron maniobras para encausar la máquina.
Pemex dijo que personal de la empresa llevó el vehículo a la planta de alquilación, donde el ácido, considerado altamente toxico, es utilizado en el proceso de refinación de las gasolinas...
Juanito es y será el'rey de Ixtapalapa',pesele a quien le pese
Ofrece Juanito,rey electo de ixtapalapa cargo de consolación a Brugada
La corriente Nueva Izquierda dobla las manos y ahora respalda a Acosta.
El delegado electo de Iztapalapa, Rafael Acosta, Juanito, aseguró que será él y nadie más quien gobierne la demarcación los próximos tres años y no Clara Brugada, decisión que comunicará el próximo lunes a Andrés Manuel López Obrador.
“Hay una presión muy fuerte contra Juanito, ya son varios partidos los que me atacan, pero aun así no me rajo, voy a hablar con López Obrador y no me voy a agachar, de frente le voy a decir lo que él tantas veces ha dicho: el pueblo es el que manda y el que elige; y el pueblo votó por mí, por lo que me quedo a gobernar Iztapalapa”, señaló.
Agregó: “Yo sé que lo va a entender y me va a poyar, porque no se trata de ambición personal, es la gente quien lo pide y no Juanito.
Adelantó que ofrecerá una dirección a la ex candidata del PRD, pero si no acepta, “tampoco le rogaré”.
El anunció no lo realizó ante vecinos de Iztapalapa, sino ante colonos de Magdalena Contreras, quienes con gritos y porras le pidieron no dimitir a favor de la perredista.
Juanito asistió a una reunión de floricultores y ecologistas de la demarcación del sur, a quienes les expresó que las muestras de apoyo vienen de todas partes del país.
“Recibo más de 250 llamadas diarias, la gente quiere a Juanito y me lo está haciendo saber; soy un hombre de lucha y ahora que tengo esta gran responsabilidad no me voy a rajar”, dijo.
Respecto al hostigamiento que ha recibido por militantes de Brugada, reveló que éste cesó “curiosamente” cuando platicó con ella, ya que además de las agresiones físicas “llegué a recibir amenazas de muerte”.
Durante su mensaje, Juanito anunció a sus simpatizantes un desfile para el 20 de noviembre: el Juaniciclotón, donde invitará a los vecinos de Iztapalapa a desfilar en el centro de la demarcación con bicis adornadas.
“Además daremos premios; es una mis primeras acciones que estableceré”, subrayó.
Apoyo al petista
El acto protocolario fue interrumpido por cuatro chamanes, quienes hicieron a Acosta una limpia al estilo prehispánico.
Con música tribal y humo purificador, el petista fue despojado de “las malas vibras que ha recibido desde que condicionó la jefatura delgacional a Brugada por puestos estratégicos para su gente”.
Ayer, MILENIO buscó a Clara Brugada para tener una posición sobre las declaraciones que hizo el jefe delegacional electo en Iztapalapa, Rafael Acosta, Juanito.
Sin embargo, Martha Guadarrama, quien pertenece al equipo de la ex procuradora social del GDF, dijo que la perredista no emitirá ningún comentario, “por prudencia a la gente de Iztapalapa”.
Indicó que Brugada continuará realizando sus actividades de manera normal, pues ese tipo de comentarios seguramente seguirán realizándose. No obstante, señaló que conforme avance el proceso de transición, seguramente hará algún comentario al respecto.
En tanto, el grupo opositor a la ex candidata, la corriente Nueva Izquierda, también llamada de Los Chuchos, respaldó la administración del petista, e incluso se dijeron dispuestos a colaborar con él.
El diputado local de esa fracción y electo por la demarcación en 2006, Daniel Salazar, dijo que colaborará “institucionalmente con su gobierno”.
“Al rato va a querer la ONU”: Bejarano
El ex secretario particular de Andrés Manuel López Obrador, Rene Bejarano, se sumó a la ola de críticas que han vertido militantes de PRD y PT contra el delegado electo en Iztapalapa, Rafael Acosta, Juanito, por no cumplir con su palabra de entregar la demarcación a Clara Brugada.
El ex funcionario incluso calificó de “tonto” a Juanito y señaló que requiere de un terapeuta, “ya que pasó de la ingenuidad al delirio”.
De visita en Monterrey, donde presentó su Movimiento Nacional por la Esperanza, el ex diputado dijo que a Juanito “ya sólo le falta postularse para la Secretaría General de la ONU”, esto luego de que en una entrevista televisiva él mismo se considerara con posibilidades para otros cargos, como el de jefe de Gobierno capitalino y Presidente de la República.
Bejarano, quien estuvo junto con su esposa, Dolores Padierna, precisó que su movimiento es de corte apartidista, mismo que ya ha sido presentado en 27 estados del país y en Estados Unidos, y aglutina, dijo. a unos 250 mil miembros.
Récord Guiness de + de 13,000 bailando'Thriller'en Monumento a la Revolución/DF!
Récord Guinness
México rompió la marca, al registrar oficialmente casi 13 mil personas bailando “Thriller”.
No fue un mitin ni una manifestación, mucho menos la celebración del 15 de septiembre: la congregación de más de 50 mil personas (según cifras oficiales del Instituto de la Juventud del Distrito Federal) reunidas en el Monumento a La Revolución tenía como objetivo conmemorar el cumpleaños 51 del fallecido Rey del Pop y con ello romper el récord Guinness al reunir el mayor número de personas bailando “Thriller”.
Y se logró. La euforia de miles y miles de personas provocaron un hecho histórico. Tan sólo 12 mil 937 fanáticos de Michael Jackson fueron certificados por el notario público Alfonso Cermeño, quien aseguró que la Jacksonmanía ya forma parte del libro Guinness.
“Los números oficiales rebasan los 12 mil asistentes, sin embargo, hubo mucha gente que no fue registrada porque es imposible. Se excedió la gente al venir. No teníamos contemplada tanta aglomeración. Doy fe de los números que se han anunciado y las actas que tengo en mi mano, serán llevadas posteriormente con la gente de Guinness”, expresó el funcionario público.
No obstante, y tras la gran convocatoria que tuvo el llamado, sólo se logró constatar a 12 mil personas de las 50 mil que asistieron, por lo que los organizadores tendrán que demostrar, por medio de videos aficionados, la concurrencia lograda.
“Están bailando casi las 50 mil y por problemas técnicos no se pudieron registrar a tantas, sinceramente esperábamos de 2 a 15 mil y llegaron 50 mil, lo que haremos es que pelearemos que por medio de los videos que los mismos fanáticos subirán a las redes sociales como Facebook y YouTube, para que nos contemplen a todos los que asistieron”, dijo Javier Hidalgo, director del Instituto de la Juventud del DF.
Momias, zombies, mujeres sangrientas y cientos de jóvenes caracterizados de Jackson fueron los encargados de decorar la avenida Plaza de la República, vía principal que conecta el Monumento a la Revolución con el Paseo de la Reforma.
Guantes, sombreros, pantalones negros, calcetines blancos y sacos brillantes, fueron las prendas que más sobresalieron entre los jóvenes que oscilaban entre los 15 y 30 años.
El gusto por el baile y la intención de llegar a tan anhelada cifra se vio en todas las edades. Alexis, un pequeño de 4 años caracterizado de pies a cabeza como Michael, fue el que sorprendió a más de uno con su muy particular estilo de bailar.
“Me llamo Alexis y estoy enamorado de Michael”, fueron las declaraciones del pequeño mientras ensayaba junto con el resto del los jóvenes uno de los pasos de “Thriller”.
Su madre, quien también es fanática del Rey del Pop, expresó su alegría al ver a su pequeñín bailar las canciones de quien en su momento también fue su ídolo.
“Lo traje porque desde que nació le ha gustado Michael. Yo desde que me acuerdo, soy fanática de Jackson”, dijo.
Pero el que sí se llevó la tarde fue sin duda Héctor Jackson, el imitador oficial del cantante americano, quien fue el coordinador de todos los presentes.
“Estoy más que contento con lo que logramos. Toda la gente que estamos aquí, somos verdaderos amantes del Rey del Pop. Agradezco a todas las personas que se dieron cita para conmemorar un año más de nuestro ídolo”, dijo el joven capitalino.
No sólo las pancartas con las leyendas “México te ama Michael” demostraron que el intérprete de “Beat It” y “Dangerous”, por mencionar algunos temas, sigue y seguirá siendo el verdadero Rey del Pop.
Nueva marca
Yo sí bailo Thriller logró reunir a más de 50 mil personas.
Sólo se logró constatar la presencia de 12 mil 937 fans.
Según el Instituto de la Juventud se luchará para registrar a los 50 mil asistentes por medio de videos.
Pese a uno que otro percance, la Secretaría de Seguridad Pública registró saldo blanco.
7 ensayos tuvieron que pasar para que se hiciera el baile oficial.
Se logró arrebatar el récord que tenían las ciudades de Barcelona, con 697 personas; Estados Unidos, con 264 e Inglaterra, con mil 230.
Los asistentes entonaron “Las Mañanitas” como homenaje al cumpleaños número 51 del Rey del Pop.
Barcelona
Momentáneo récord
Un total de 697 personas bailaron “Thriller”, rompiendo el récord previo del Libro Guinness, que era de 242 personas.
Según la organización del baile, ayer por la tarde aún faltaba que el récord fuera certificado por el Libro Guinness. Esta reunión fue impulsada por un grupo de baile amateur llamado Sant Feliu de Llobregat, de Barcelona, y la página web byebyemichael.com, creada en Madrid.
Hace declaración
Abogado de Conrad Murray subestima el informe de “homicidio”
El informe de médicos forenses que indica que Jackson fue víctima de un homicidio causado por una intoxicación con un narcótico “no contiene ninguna novedad”, señaló el abogado de Conrad Murray, médico del Rey del Pop que está en el centro de las investigaciones por su fallecimiento.
Tras conocer el informe forense Edward Chernoff adelantó que su cliente no se manifestará sobre el caso antes de “recibir el informe de la autopsia completa con la lista exhaustiva de todos los medicamentos y sus dosis, que permita a expertos independientes realizar su propio análisis e interpretación de los datos”.
Murray admitió haber suministrado Propofol al cantante durante varias semanas, con dosis de 50 miligramos diarios. Dicho fármaco se utiliza normalmente sólo antes de operaciones o en hospitales. Tras ser inyectado, el paciente debe ser vigilado de forma permanente, pero Murray admitió que después de la última inyección a Jackson lo abandonó para ir al baño. Al volver, el músico ya no respiraba.
La Fiscalía General del Estado de Los Ángeles anunció además que, a pedido de la policía, investigará a otros médicos que pudieron tratar a Jackson. (DPA/Los Ángeles)
En el mundo
La India:
Estrellas de Bollywood lanzan homenaje por Internet. Algunas de las más grandes estrellas de Bollywood, la industria cinematrogáfica india, lanzaron un homenaje musical; ninguno de los actores y cantantes cobró por su participación en este video, que se puede descargar en la página web de la productora del actor Shahrukh Khan, Red Chillies Entertainment. La canción, con letra en hindi, fue escrita por Vishal Dadlani, y la interpretan grandes estrellas indias de la música.
Venezuela:
Un grupo de fanáticos reunidos en la Plaza Altamira rindió un significativo homenaje. Con pancartas y pósters expresaron su admiración por el cantante. Uno de los fanáticos señaló que esta actividad se realiza en todo el mundo. Indicaron que soltarán unos globos al cielo en honor al Jackson. Jóvenes con guitarras recordaron e interpretaron las melodías marcadas por el célebre Rey del Pop.
Wisdom is the quality or state of being wise; knowledge of what is true or right coupled with just judgment as to action; sagacity, discernment, or insight[1] It is an ideal that has been celebrated since antiquity as the application of knowledge needed to live a good life
. Beyond simply knowing/understanding what options are available, "Wisdom" provides the ability to differentiate between them and choose the one that is best. What this means exactly depends on the various wisdom schools and traditions claiming to help foster it. In general, these schools have emphasized various combinations of the following: knowledge, understanding, experience, discretion, and intuitive understanding, along with a capacity to apply these qualities well towards finding solutions to problems.
In many traditions, the terms wisdom and intelligence have somewhat overlapping meanings; in others they are arranged hierarchically, with intelligence being necessary but not sufficient for wisdom.
According to Rice (1958) two wisdom traditions can be identified in the Renaissance: Contemplative and prudential.
Contemplative traditions, such as monastic traditions, emphasized meditation on one's own experience as a pathway to the divine: Augustine of Hippo was an early and influential figure in the Christian lineage of this tradition.
The status of wisdom or prudence as a virtue is recognized in cultural, philosophical and religious sources as the judicious and purposeful application of knowledge that is valued in society.
* 1- Psychological perspectives
Psychologists have gathered data on commonly held beliefs or folk theories about wisdom.[2] These analyses indicate that although "there is an overlap of the implicit theory of wisdom with intelligence, perceptiveness, spirituality and shrewdness, it is evident that wisdom is a distinct term and not a composite of other terms."[3]
Many, but not all, studies find that adults' self-ratings of perspective/wisdom do not depend on age.[4][5] This stands in contrast to the popular notion that wisdom increases with age.[5] In 2009, a study reviewed which brain components were related to wisdom.[6]
Positive psychology
Researchers in positive psychology have defined wisdom as the coordination of "knowledge and experience" and "its deliberate use to improve well being."[7] With this definition, wisdom can supposedly be measured using the following criteria.[4]
* A wise person can discern the core of important problems.
* A wise person has self-knowledge.
* A wise person seems sincere and direct with others.
* Others ask wise people for advice.
* A wise person's actions are consistent with his/her ethical beliefs.
Measurement instruments that use these criteria have acceptable to good internal consistency and low test-retest reliability (r in the range of 0.35 to 0.67).[4]
Religious perspectives
Abrahamic religions (Old Testament)
In the Christian Bible and Jewish scripture, wisdom is represented by the sense of justice of the lawful and wise king Solomon, who asks God for wisdom in 1 Kings 3. Much of the Book of Proverbs, a book of wise sayings, is attributed to Solomon.
Abrahamic religions (New Testament)
Furthermore, there is an oppositional element in Christian thought between secular wisdom and Godly wisdom. The apostle Paul states that worldly wisdom thinks the claims of Christ to be foolishness. However, to those who are being saved Christ represents the wisdom of God. (1 Corinthians 1:17-31) Also, Wisdom is one of the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit according to Anglican, Catholic, and Lutheran belief. 1 Corinthians 12-10 gives an alternate list of nine virtues, among which wisdom is one.
Abrahamic religions (Qur'an)
In Islam, according to the Qur'an, all of the prophets of the Old Testament, Jesus, as well as the Prophet Muhammad were chosen by Allah, mostly in times of political or moral crisis, to represent his wisdom. The Prophet Muhammad said that: "Fearing Allah in your actions and intentions, and knowing that Almighty Allah is watching you wherever and whenever you are is the head/peak of wisdom"[citation needed].
Eastern religions and philosophy
Confucius stated that wisdom can be learned by three methods: Reflection (the noblest), imitation (the easiest) and experience (the bitterest).
Wisdom is not told by self but unless asked for by another. This means a wise man never tells his wisdom unless asked person to person. According to "Doctrine of the Mean," Confucius also said, "Love of learning is akin to wisdom. To practice with vigor is akin to humanity. To know to be shameful is akin to courage (zhi,ren,yi..three of Mengzi's sprouts of virtue)." Compare this with the beginning of the Confucian classic "Great Learning" which begins with "The Way of learning to be great consists in manifesting the clear character, loving the people, and abiding in the highest good" one can clearly see the correlation with the Roman virtue "prudence," especially if one transliterates clear character as clear conscience. (Quotes from Chan's Sources of Chinese Philosophy).
Buddha taught that a wise person is endowed with good bodily conduct, good verbal conduct & good mental conduct (AN 3:2) and a wise person does actions that are unpleasant to do but give good results and doesn’t do actions that are pleasant to do but give bad results (AN 4:115).
The Buddha has much to say on the subject of wisdom including:
* He who arbitrates a case by force does not thereby become just (established in Dhamma). But the wise man is he who carefully discriminates between right and wrong.[8]
* He who leads others by nonviolence, righteously and equitably, is indeed a guardian of justice, wise and righteous.[9]
* One is not wise merely because he talks much. But he who is calm, free from hatred and fear, is verily called a wise man.[10]
* By quietude alone one does not become a sage (muni) if he is foolish and ignorant. But he who, as if holding a pair of scales, takes the good and shuns the evil, is a wise man; he is indeed a muni by that very reason. He who understands both good and evil as they really are, is called a true sage.[11]
In Taoism Practical Wisdom may be described as knowing what to say and when to say it.
Other religions
In Mesopotamian religion and mythology, Enki, also known as Ea, was the God of wisdom and intelligence. Wisdom was achieved by restoring balance.
In Norse mythology, the god Odin is especially known for his wisdom, often acquired through various hardships and ordeals involving pain and self-sacrifice. In one instance he plucked out an eye and offered it to Mímir, guardian of the well of knowledge and wisdom, in return for a drink from the well.[12] In another famous account, Odin hanged himself for nine nights from Yggdrasil, the World Tree that unites all the realms of existence, suffering from hunger and thirst and finally wounding himself with a spear until he gained the knowledge of runes for use in casting powerful magic.[13] He was also able to acquire the mead of poetry from the giants, a drink of which could grant the power of a scholar or poet, for the benefit of gods and mortals alike.[12]
Philosophical perspectives
A standard philosophical definition says that wisdom consists of making the best use of available knowledge.
As with any decision, a wise decision may be made with incomplete information.
The technical philosophical term for the opposite of wisdom is folly.
In his Metaphysics, Aristotle defines wisdom as knowledge of causes: why things exist in a particular fashion.
In addition to experience there are a variety of other avenues to gaining wisdom. For example, Freethinkers and others believe that wisdom may come from pure reason and perhaps experience, while others believe that it comes from intuition or spirituality.
Beginning with the ancient Greeks, European culture associates wisdom with virtue.
Metis and Athene are associated with wisdom from earliest times. For example, many philosophers talk about the virtue of wisdom in relation to courage and moderation, and in the Roman Catholic church, wisdom (Prudence) stands with justice, fortitude and moderation as one of the four cardinal virtues.
Plato's dialogues mention the virtue of wisdom, as knowledge about the Good and the courage to act accordingly. The Good would be about the right relations between all that exists. The Good, as a Platonic Form, would involve the perfect ideas of good government, love, friendship, community, and a right relation to the Divine.
Perhaps the search or love of wisdom is more important than any proven claim. Socrates only claimed to know that he did not know, but this he was very certain of, and he showed the many contradictions in the claims of his fellow citizens.[14]
Holists believe that wise people sense, work with and align themselves and others to life. In this view, wise people help others appreciate the fundamental interconnectedness of life.
Nicholas Maxwell, a modern philosopher, argued that the basic aim of academic inquiry ought to be to seek and promote wisdom — wisdom being construed to be the capacity to realize what is of value in life for oneself and others, wisdom thus including knowledge and technological know-how, but much else besides.[16]
Anil K. Rajvanshi another modern philosopher who has written extensively on the issues of spirituality and technology argues that wisdom is an outcome of the expansion of our horizons. An evolved brain becomes acutely aware of its surroundings and with its powerful processor is able to expand its horizons to encompass our world, solar system and universe.
This expansion of consciousness gives us a tremendous sense of peace, tranquility and perspective on our life which in totality is called wisdom.[17]
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