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El gas natural produce mucho menos CO2 que otros combustibles como los derivados del petróleo, y sobre todo el carbón. Además es un combustible que se quema más limpia y eficazmente.
El gas natural puede ser empleado para producir hidrógeno que se puede utilizar en los vehÃculos propulsados por hidrógeno.
1 Nm3 (Normál metro cúbico,metro cúbico en condiciones normales, 20ºC de temperatura y 1 atmósfera de presión) de gas natural produce aproximadamente 10,4 kWh.
FORESEEING the FUTURE:The lagacy of Vannevar Bush..!
Foreseeing the Future: The legacy of Vannevar Bush
by Erin Malone on 2002/06/16 | [2 Comments]
In 1945 a seminal article appeared in The Atlantic Monthly. Titled, “As We May Think,†the article’s author, Vannevar Bush (1890–1974), proposed a new mechanical machine to help scholars and decision makers make sense of the growing mountains of information being published in to the world.
This article presaged the idea of the Internet and the World Wide Web and was directly influential on the fathers of the hypertext and the Internet as we know it today. Ted Nelson, who coined the term “hypertext†in 1967, describes Bush’s article as describing the principles of it.
“ Bush has been hailed as the conceptual creator of “hypertext,†laying out the notion of the modern link 50 years before the web became a public phenomenon. â€
Bush was a distinguished scientist and a scholar. He served as dean of the school of engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, president of the Carnegie Institution of Washington D.C. and was the President’s top advisor during World War II. He was chairman of the President’s National Defense Research Committee (1940) Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (1941–1947), Chairman of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (1939–1941), founder of the National Science Foundation and was a central figure in the development of nuclear fission and the Manhattan Project.
Vannevar Bush with differential analyzer that he invented, shown in 1931
But he was also an inventor and invented several types of machines—the profile tracer, the justifying typewriter and the differential analyzer which was used in World War II to calculate ballistics table. As early as the 1930s he was concerned about the glut of information coming out of academia and the government and wanted to improve the way people accessed, stored and communicated information. He recognized the limitations in how that information was accessed. In this landmark article he describes a machine, the memex, which would help someone find information based in association and context rather than strict categorical indexing. “A memex is a device in which an individual stores his books, records and communications and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.â€1
The article goes on to describe the physical desk as having a set of translucent screens, keyboard, buttons and levers. The desk would also serve its user as a large storage device.
It is because of this article that Bush has been hailed as the conceptual creator of “hypertextâ€. The article is at its most innovative and interesting in the description of how the memex device was to work for the reader.
The memex “affords an immediate step, however, to associative indexing, the basic idea of which is a provision whereby any item may be caused at will to select immediately and automatically another. This is the essential feature of the memex. The process of tying two items together is the important thing.â€2
This description, some 30 years before the invention of the personal computer and 50 years before the web became a public phenomenon, lays out the notion of the modern link.
A drawing of Bush’s proposed memex machine. The original description reads: “Slanting translucent viewing screens magnifying supermicrofilm filed by code numbers. At left is a mechanism which automatically photographs longhand notes, pictures and letters, then files them in the desk for future reference.†The drawing is believed to have been created someone other than Bush after his original article.
George P. Landow, author of Hypertext: the convergence of contemporary critical theory and technology says of Bush, “Bush’s idea of the memex, to which he occasionally turned his attention for three decades, directly influenced Ted Nelson, Douglas Englebart Andreis Van Dam and other pioneers in computer hypertext. […] In “As We May Think†and “Memex Revisited†Bush proposed the notion of blocks of text joined by links and he also introduced the terms links, linkages, trails and web to describe his conception of textuality. Bush’s description of the memex contains several other seminal, even radical, conceptions of textuality.â€3
Some of the ideas, the concept of associative indexing, trails and sets of trails are prescient to the modern topical blog. A single author connects documents that are associated by some common theme, annotated with commentary and available for others to read long after the original associations are made.
Bush described the memex reader reading documents and tying them together with links. “Thus he goes, building a trail of many items. Occasionally he inserts a comment of his own, either linking it to the main trail or joining it by a side trail to a particular item. […] He inserts a page of longhand analysis of his own. Thus he builds a trail of his interest through the maze of materials available to him.â€4
Bush goes on to describe the sharing of trails between people and the creation of a “new profession of trail blazers, those who find delight in the task of establishing useful trails through the enormous mass of common record. The inheritance from the master becomes not only his additions to the world’s record, but for his disciples the entire scaffolding by which they were erected.â€5
The memex and its description have long been hailed as inspiration for the creators of hypertext and even the web. However, the importance of his legacy reaches far beyond this in the description of information organization and associative context. We are only now beginning to develop software and interactive spaces that allow a reader’s associative ability to be more automated and made available to others across the Internet. Through the addition of linking and the creation of trails, as well as personal commentary and annotation, the reader becomes author as well. The modern weblog starts to walk down the path Bush described. Wiki, the software that allows one person to aggregate and publish information and then allows others to modify and add and change the original information is also akin to his vision as well. Bush was as concerned with people authoring content as well as managing associations around existing content, and the fluid nature of the Wiki, the sharing of data and the sharing of the responsibility for the data trails, is a direct descendant of his ideas.
Theodor Nelson, in his essay “As We Will Think†(1972—republished as a chapter in From Memex to Hypertext: Vannevar Bush and the Mind’s Machine in 1992), says that the “famous call for the memex has been generally misinterpreted for it has little to do with information retrieval as prosecuted today. Bush rejected indexing and discussed instead new forms of interwoven documents.â€6
Bush’s vision for how we handle and interact with information took a step towards reality with the creation of hypertext and the basic linked web, but those of us working with information and creating information spaces and connections would do well to take another look at his vision and be as inspired to create new and innovative ways to gather and share information as other have been in the past.
In Catholic catechism, the seven virtues refers to one of two lists of virtues, most commonly referring to the 4 Cardinal virtues of Prudence, Justice, Restraint or Temperance, and Courage or Fortitude, and the 3 Theological virtues of Faith, Hope, and Love or Charity; these were adopted by the Church Fathers from virtue as defined by the Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle.
An alternative list is the Seven heavenly virtues, opposed to the Seven deadly sins, and consisting of Chastity, Temperance, Charity, Diligence, Patience, Kindness, and Humility.
* 1 Seven heavenly virtues
* 2 The Eighth Virtue
* 3 Theology
* 4 See also
* 5 External links
Seven heavenly virtues
There is another list of the seven virtues to oppose the seven deadly sins. The "Seven heavenly virtues" were derived from the Psychomachia ("Contest of the Soul"), an epic poem written by Aurelius Clemens Prudentius (c. AD 410) entailing the battle of good virtues and evil vices. The intense popularity of this work in the Middle Ages helped to spread the concept of holy virtue throughout Europe. Practicing these virtues is considered to protect one against temptation from the seven deadly sins, with each one having its counterpart. Due to this they are sometimes referred to as the contrary virtues. Each of the seven heavenly virtues matches a corresponding deadly sin.
Virtue ↓ Latin ↓ Gloss ↓ (Vice) ↓ (Latin) ↓ Virtue's Meaning ↓
Chastity Castitas Purity Lust Luxuria Abstaining from sexual conduct according to one's state in life. Embracing of moral wholesomeness and achieving purity of thought through education and betterment.
Temperance Temperantia Self-Control Gluttony Gula Constant mindfulness of others and one's surroundings; practicing self-control, abstention, and moderation.
Charity Caritas Will, Generosity Greed Avaritia Generosity. Willingness to give. A nobility of thought or actions.
Diligence Industria Persistence, Effort Sloth Acedia
Tristitia
A zealous and careful nature in one's actions and work. Decisive work ethic. Budgeting one's time; monitoring one's own activities to guard against laziness.(The Vice "Acedia" is more commonly known as "Sloth")
Patience Patientia Peace Wrath Ira Forbearance and endurance through moderation. Resolving conflicts peacefully, as opposed to resorting to violence. The ability to forgive; to show mercy to sinners.
Kindness Humanitas Satisfaction Envy Invidia Charity, compassion, friendship, and empathy without prejudice and for its own sake.
Humility Humilitas Bravery, Modesty Pride Superbia Modest behavior, selflessness, and the giving of respect. Giving credit where credit is due; not unfairly glorifying one's own self.
The Eighth Virtue
A catalogue of eight virtues includes the preceding seven heavenly virtues but also adds Justice as an eighth virtue:
Virtue ↓ Latin ↓ Gloss ↓ (Vice) ↓ (Latin) ↓ Virtue's Meaning ↓
Justice Iustitia Fairness, Equity[disambiguation needed] Corruption Venaliter Honesty, and the giving of righteousness. Being fair or telling the truth. Doing what is right and not what is wrong. It is the light of truth that conquers the dark of the wrong. Equity, impartiality.
Theology
Restraint is the keystone of the seven holy virtues. The other holy virtues are created through selfless pursuits:
* Valour: Pursuit of Courage and Knowledge
* Generosity: Pursuit of Giving
* Liberality: Pursuit of Will
* Diligence: Pursuit of Ethics
* Patience: Pursuit of Peace
* Kindness: Pursuit of Charity
* Humility: Pursuit of Modesty
El petroleo y,en general.los hidrocarburos,en los usuales subterraneos yacimientos son,o deberÃan de ser de quienes tengan y utilisen el necesario'saber como'y equipos para poder extraerlos y de ser necesario,refinarlos y/o comercializarlos!!!
El Gobierno busca que el Congreso apruebe este año una reforma fiscal que ayude al paÃs a no depender tanto de las exportaciones petroleras, que actualmente aportan más de un tercio de los ingresos de las arcas públicas.
Nissan construye siete millones de motores en Aguascalientes La planta productora de vehÃculos Nissan celebró la producción del motor número siete millones en Aguascalientes.
La empresa se asentó en la entidad desde 1982, y hasta la fecha logró construir tal cantidad de productos, según señala un comunicado del gobierno estatal.
La celebración estuvo encabezada por el gobernador, Luis Armando Reynoso Femat, y Toshiyuki Shiga, jefe de la Oficina de Operaciones de Nissan Motor Company.
La fábrica tiene una planta de mil 500 trabajadores. El motor diseñado fue para un modelo "Sentra" que se distribuirá en Estados Unidos, mientras que la siete millones uno será donada a un Conalep.
No es casualidad, por tanto, que haya vuelto a confiar en el director de cine y coreógrafo Zhang Yimou, para que se encargue de que la ceremonia por la conmemoración del 60 aniversario de la República Popular China sea tan espectacular o más que las que montó en las ceremonias de apertura y clausura de los Juegos OlÃmpicos de PekÃn 2008, que asombraron al mundo.
Desfile vacunado. Sobre la Plaza de Tiananmen desfilarán hoy más de 100 mil personas, entre soldados y jóvenes voluntarios, estos últimos previamente vacunados contra el virus de la gripe A/H1N1.
EU nunca contestó y cerró la embajada, lo que empujó a Mao en 1949 a adoptar la “dictadura de la democracia del pueblo†y ya, abiertamente, una “dictadura del proletariado†en 1952.
Bajo su mandato se inició una modernización del paÃs, hasta entonces rural y atrasado, sin precedentes en el mundo.
Sin embargo, la ilusión de las nuevas generaciones de que esta apertura económica forzarÃa una apertura a la democracia, reforzada con pasos como el restablecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas con EU, tras el encuentro de Deng con el presidente Jimmy Carter, en 1979, pronto se harÃa añicos.
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